Effector memory CD8 T-cells as a novel peripheral blood biomarker for activated T-cell pediatric acute liver failure

A distinct phenotype of pediatric acute liver failure (PALF) has been identified, labeled activated T-cell hepatitis. These patients, previously included within the indeterminate group, have evidence of systemic immune activation and liver biopsy specimens with dense infiltration of CD8+ T-cells. We aimed to evaluate the peripheral blood T-cell phenotype in PALF patients with activated T-cell hepatitis compared to indeterminate cause. PALF patients with unknown etiology age 1–17 years were prospectively enrolled between 2017–2020. Within the unknown group, patients were classified as either activated T-cell hepatitis if they had a liver biopsy with dense or moderate CD8 staining and an elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor level, or they were classified as indeterminate if they did not meet these criteria. Whole blood was collected for flow cytometry and T-cell phenotyping. Four patients with activated T-cell hepatitis and 4 patients with indeterminate PALF were enrolled. Activated T-cell hepatitis patients had significantly greater percentage of CD8 T-cells that were effector memory (T(EM)) phenotype compared to indeterminate PALF patients (median 66.8% (IQR 57.4–68.7) vs 19.1% (IQR 13.4–25.2), P = 0.03). In addition, CD8+ T(EM) cells in activated T-cell hepatitis patients were significantly more likely to be CD103 positive, a marker of tissue resident memory T-cells, compared to indeterminate PALF patients (median 12.4% (IQR 9.5–14.7) vs 4.7% (IQR 4.5–5.3), P = 0.03). We found patients with activated T-cell hepatitis can be identified by the unique pattern of increased percentage of peripheral blood effector memory CD8+ CD103+ T-cells. These findings will guide future studies exploring the T-cell phenotype for these patients and whether they may respond to directed immunosuppressive therapies.