Year-round spawning of three tropical Cypriniformes fishes in Southeast Asia

Present knowledge on spawning seasonality of freshwater fishes in tropical Asia and their relationship with environmental factors remains limited. Three Southeast Asian Cypriniformes fishes, Lobocheilos ovalis, Rasbora argyrotaenia and Tor Tambra, found in rainforest streams in Brunei Darussalam were studied on a monthly basis for a period of 2 years. To assess spawning characteristics, seasonality, gonadosomatic index and reproductive phases were examined from 621 L. ovalis, 507 R. argyrotaenia and 138 T. tambra. This study also examined environmental factors such as rainfall, air temperature, photoperiod and lunar illumination that may influence the timing of spawning of these species. We found that L. ovalis, R. argyrotaenia and T. tambra were reproductively active throughout the year but did not find that spawning in these species were associated with any of the investigated environmental factors. Our study showed that the non-seasonal reproductive ecology found in the tropical cypriniform species is distinctly different from that of temperate cypriniforms, which are known to follow spawning seasonality, suggesting an evolutionary adaptation to ensure their survival in an unstable environment. The reproductive strategy and ecological responses found in the tropical cypriniforms might be shifted in response to climate change scenarios in the future.