Spectrum of Fungal Infections in a Tertiary Care Centre of North India: Pre-COVID and COVID Scenario and Implications

Background Rhino orbital mucormycosis is a rare and very aggressive entity. A sudden rise of this entity has been noticed with the insurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic both among immunocompromised and immuno-competent patients. This study was done to determine any possible correlation between these two deadly diseases. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective observational study done in the pathology department of a tertiary care center in North India over a three-year period (January 2019 - December 2021). Patient details along with relevant clinical data were retrieved from the patient’s record file. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of diagnosed cases were taken from the department records. Results A total of 45 patients (34 males, 11 females) were included in the study, seven of which were ophthalmic exenteration specimens. The mean age of the patients was 52.68 years. Fifteen cases showed COVID-19 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positivity. Histopathology revealed the presence of mucormycosis in all the cases. There were six cases showing granuloma formation and 14 cases revealed mixed fungal infection. Optic nerve involvement was seen in six cases of exenteration specimens. Conclusions The present study showed a sudden resurgence of secondary fungal infections, especially during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Associated co-morbid conditions and injudicious use of steroids and antibiotics have been the cause of depressed immunity leading to the infections. One must be aware of such co-infections to facilitate timely medical management to reduce morbidity and mortality.