Factors associated with lifetime HIV testing among women in four Southeast Asian countries: Evidence from the demographic and health surveys

BACKGROUND: Southeast Asian countries have been trying to increase HIV testing coverage of women since awareness of HIV status is essential to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV. This study determined factors related to lifetime HIV testing uptake among women aged 15–49 years in four Southeast Asian countries: Myanmar, Cambodia, the Philippines and Timor-Leste. METHODS: This study used cross-sectional data from the 2015–16 Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), the 2014 Cambodia DHS, the 2017 Philippines National DHS and the 2016 Timor-Leste DHS. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with lifetime HIV testing among women aged 15–49 years who completed the surveys in each country and ran a fixed effects logistic regression model using pooled data. RESULTS: The proportions of lifetime HIV testing uptake among women aged 15–49 years were 42.1% in Cambodia, 19.5% in Myanmar, 4.6% in the Philippines, and 3.7% in Timor-Leste. Marital status, age, education, and wealth were significantly associated with lifetime HIV testing uptake among women in all four countries. Other factors (e.g., comprehensive knowledge of HIV, rural/urban residence, positive attitudes towards negotiation for safer sex) were also significant determinants of HIV testing uptake among women in some of these countries. CONCLUSIONS: A multi-sectoral collaboration of related sectors and organizations is necessary to increase access to HIV testing and HIV knowledge of women to overcome the barriers to HIV testing. It is critical to make HIV testing services available and accessible to women, especially in rural areas.