Quantification of subtype purity in Luminal A breast cancer predicts clinical characteristics and survival

PURPOSE: PAM50 profiling assigns each breast cancer to a single intrinsic subtype based on a bulk tissue sample. However, individual cancers may show evidence of admixture with an alternate subtype that could affect prognosis and treatment response. We developed a method to model subtype admixture using whole transcriptome data and associated it with tumor, molecular, and survival characteristics for Luminal A (LumA) samples. METHODS: We combined TCGA and METABRIC cohorts and obtained transcriptome, molecular, and clinical data, which yielded 11,379 gene transcripts in common and 1,178 cases assigned to LumA. We used semi-supervised non-negative matrix factorization (ssNMF) to compute the subtype admixture proportions of the four major subtypes—pLumA, pLumB, pHER2, and pBasal—for each case and measured associations with tumor characteristics, molecular features, and survival. RESULTS: Luminal A cases in the lowest versus highest quartile for pLumA transcriptomic proportion had a 27% higher prevalence of stage > 1, nearly a threefold higher prevalence of TP53 mutation, and a hazard ratio of 2.08 for overall mortality. We found positive associations between pHER2 and HER2 positivity by IHC or FISH; between pLumB and PR negativity; and between pBasal and younger age, node positivity, TP53 mutation, and EGFR expression. Predominant basal admixture, in contrast to predominant LumB or HER2 admixture, was not associated with shorter survival. CONCLUSION: Bulk sampling for genomic analyses provides an opportunity to expose intratumor heterogeneity, as reflected by subtype admixture. Our results elucidate the striking extent of diversity among LumA cancers and suggest that determining the extent and type of admixture holds promise for refining individualized therapy. LumA cancers with a high degree of basal admixture appear to have distinct biological characteristics that warrant further study. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10549-023-06961-9.