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Range of motion of the mid-cervical spine: human versus goat
BACKGROUND: The goat cervical spine represents a promising alternative for human specimen in spinal implant testing, but the range of motion (ROM) of the spine is lacking. We aimed to evaluate and compare the ROMs of fresh goat and human mid-cervical spine specimens. METHODS: Ten fresh adult healthy...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10249303/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37291606 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13018-023-03896-1 |
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author | Dong, Jun Zhang, Gelin Sun, Yuan Li, Xi Zhang, Xuyan Liu, Min Liu, Ruoxi Fan, Liying |
author_facet | Dong, Jun Zhang, Gelin Sun, Yuan Li, Xi Zhang, Xuyan Liu, Min Liu, Ruoxi Fan, Liying |
author_sort | Dong, Jun |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: The goat cervical spine represents a promising alternative for human specimen in spinal implant testing, but the range of motion (ROM) of the spine is lacking. We aimed to evaluate and compare the ROMs of fresh goat and human mid-cervical spine specimens. METHODS: Ten fresh adult healthy male goat cervical spine specimens (G group) and ten fresh frozen adult healthy human cervical spine specimens (average age: 49.5 ± 12.1 years; 6 males, 4 females) (H group) were included. The ROMs of each specimen were biomechanically tested at the C(2–3), C(3–4), C(4–5) and C(2–5) levels at 1.5 Nm and 2.5 Nm torque and recorded. The ROMs of different levels of goat cervical samples were compared to those of human cervical samples using an independent sample t test. Significance was defined as a P value of less than 0.05. RESULTS: At the C(2–3), C(3–4) and C(4–5) levels, the ROMs of the goat cervical spine were significantly larger than those of the human cervical spine in all directions except extension under 1.5 Nm torque; under 2.5 Nm torque, the ROMs of the goat cervical spine at the C(2–3) and C(3–4) levels were significantly larger than those of humans in the pure movement of flexion, lateral bending and axial rotation, and the ROMs for axial rotation of the goat specimens and human specimens were comparable. Under both 1.5 Nm and 2.5 Nm torque, the goat cervical spine displayed a much greater ROM in all directions at the C(2–5) level. CONCLUSIONS: Several segmental ROMs of fresh goat and human cervical spine specimens were recorded in this investigation. We recommend using goat cervical specimens as an alternative to fresh human cervical specimens in future studies when focusing only on the ROMs of C(2–3), C(3–4) and C(4–5) in flexion under a torque of 1.5 Nm or the ROMs of C(2–3) and C(3–4) in flexion and rotation under a torque of 2.5 Nm. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13018-023-03896-1. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10249303 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-102493032023-06-09 Range of motion of the mid-cervical spine: human versus goat Dong, Jun Zhang, Gelin Sun, Yuan Li, Xi Zhang, Xuyan Liu, Min Liu, Ruoxi Fan, Liying J Orthop Surg Res Research Article BACKGROUND: The goat cervical spine represents a promising alternative for human specimen in spinal implant testing, but the range of motion (ROM) of the spine is lacking. We aimed to evaluate and compare the ROMs of fresh goat and human mid-cervical spine specimens. METHODS: Ten fresh adult healthy male goat cervical spine specimens (G group) and ten fresh frozen adult healthy human cervical spine specimens (average age: 49.5 ± 12.1 years; 6 males, 4 females) (H group) were included. The ROMs of each specimen were biomechanically tested at the C(2–3), C(3–4), C(4–5) and C(2–5) levels at 1.5 Nm and 2.5 Nm torque and recorded. The ROMs of different levels of goat cervical samples were compared to those of human cervical samples using an independent sample t test. Significance was defined as a P value of less than 0.05. RESULTS: At the C(2–3), C(3–4) and C(4–5) levels, the ROMs of the goat cervical spine were significantly larger than those of the human cervical spine in all directions except extension under 1.5 Nm torque; under 2.5 Nm torque, the ROMs of the goat cervical spine at the C(2–3) and C(3–4) levels were significantly larger than those of humans in the pure movement of flexion, lateral bending and axial rotation, and the ROMs for axial rotation of the goat specimens and human specimens were comparable. Under both 1.5 Nm and 2.5 Nm torque, the goat cervical spine displayed a much greater ROM in all directions at the C(2–5) level. CONCLUSIONS: Several segmental ROMs of fresh goat and human cervical spine specimens were recorded in this investigation. We recommend using goat cervical specimens as an alternative to fresh human cervical specimens in future studies when focusing only on the ROMs of C(2–3), C(3–4) and C(4–5) in flexion under a torque of 1.5 Nm or the ROMs of C(2–3) and C(3–4) in flexion and rotation under a torque of 2.5 Nm. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13018-023-03896-1. BioMed Central 2023-06-08 /pmc/articles/PMC10249303/ /pubmed/37291606 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13018-023-03896-1 Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Dong, Jun Zhang, Gelin Sun, Yuan Li, Xi Zhang, Xuyan Liu, Min Liu, Ruoxi Fan, Liying Range of motion of the mid-cervical spine: human versus goat |
title | Range of motion of the mid-cervical spine: human versus goat |
title_full | Range of motion of the mid-cervical spine: human versus goat |
title_fullStr | Range of motion of the mid-cervical spine: human versus goat |
title_full_unstemmed | Range of motion of the mid-cervical spine: human versus goat |
title_short | Range of motion of the mid-cervical spine: human versus goat |
title_sort | range of motion of the mid-cervical spine: human versus goat |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10249303/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37291606 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13018-023-03896-1 |
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