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Generation and Observation of Long-Lasting and Self-Sustaining Marangoni Flow

[Image: see text] When solute molecules in a liquid evaporate at the surface, concentration gradients can lead to surface tension gradients and provoke fluid convection at the interface, a phenomenon commonly known as the Marangoni effect. Here, we demonstrate that minute quantities of ethanol in co...

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Autores principales: Doppelhammer, Nikolaus, Puttinger, Stefan, Pellens, Nick, Voglhuber-Brunnmaier, Thomas, Asselman, Karel, Jakoby, Bernhard, Kirschhock, Christine E. A., Reichel, Erwin K.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: American Chemical Society 2023
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10249401/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37227151
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00634
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author Doppelhammer, Nikolaus
Puttinger, Stefan
Pellens, Nick
Voglhuber-Brunnmaier, Thomas
Asselman, Karel
Jakoby, Bernhard
Kirschhock, Christine E. A.
Reichel, Erwin K.
author_facet Doppelhammer, Nikolaus
Puttinger, Stefan
Pellens, Nick
Voglhuber-Brunnmaier, Thomas
Asselman, Karel
Jakoby, Bernhard
Kirschhock, Christine E. A.
Reichel, Erwin K.
author_sort Doppelhammer, Nikolaus
collection PubMed
description [Image: see text] When solute molecules in a liquid evaporate at the surface, concentration gradients can lead to surface tension gradients and provoke fluid convection at the interface, a phenomenon commonly known as the Marangoni effect. Here, we demonstrate that minute quantities of ethanol in concentrated sodium hydroxide solution can induce pronounced and long-lasting Marangoni flow upon evaporation at room temperature. By employing particle image velocimetry and gravimetric analysis, we show that the mean interfacial speed of the evaporating solution sensitively increases with the evaporation rate for ethanol concentrations lower than 0.5 mol %. Placing impermeable objects near the liquid–gas interface enforces steady concentration gradients, thereby promoting the formation of stationary flows. This allows for contact-free control of the flow pattern as well as its modification by altering the objects shape. Analysis of bulk flows reveals that the energy of evaporation in the case of stationary flows is converted to kinetic fluid energy with high efficiency, but reducing the sodium hydroxide concentration drastically suppresses the observed effect to the point where flows become entirely absent. Investigating the properties of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution suggests that ethanol dissolution in the bulk is strongly limited. At the surface, however, the co-solvent is efficiently stored, enabling rapid adsorption or desorption of the alcohol depending on its concentration in the adjacent gas phase. This facilitates the generation of large surface tension gradients and, in combination with the perpetual replenishment of the surface ethanol concentration by bulk convection, to the generation of long-lasting, self-sustaining flows.
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spelling pubmed-102494012023-06-09 Generation and Observation of Long-Lasting and Self-Sustaining Marangoni Flow Doppelhammer, Nikolaus Puttinger, Stefan Pellens, Nick Voglhuber-Brunnmaier, Thomas Asselman, Karel Jakoby, Bernhard Kirschhock, Christine E. A. Reichel, Erwin K. Langmuir [Image: see text] When solute molecules in a liquid evaporate at the surface, concentration gradients can lead to surface tension gradients and provoke fluid convection at the interface, a phenomenon commonly known as the Marangoni effect. Here, we demonstrate that minute quantities of ethanol in concentrated sodium hydroxide solution can induce pronounced and long-lasting Marangoni flow upon evaporation at room temperature. By employing particle image velocimetry and gravimetric analysis, we show that the mean interfacial speed of the evaporating solution sensitively increases with the evaporation rate for ethanol concentrations lower than 0.5 mol %. Placing impermeable objects near the liquid–gas interface enforces steady concentration gradients, thereby promoting the formation of stationary flows. This allows for contact-free control of the flow pattern as well as its modification by altering the objects shape. Analysis of bulk flows reveals that the energy of evaporation in the case of stationary flows is converted to kinetic fluid energy with high efficiency, but reducing the sodium hydroxide concentration drastically suppresses the observed effect to the point where flows become entirely absent. Investigating the properties of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution suggests that ethanol dissolution in the bulk is strongly limited. At the surface, however, the co-solvent is efficiently stored, enabling rapid adsorption or desorption of the alcohol depending on its concentration in the adjacent gas phase. This facilitates the generation of large surface tension gradients and, in combination with the perpetual replenishment of the surface ethanol concentration by bulk convection, to the generation of long-lasting, self-sustaining flows. American Chemical Society 2023-05-25 /pmc/articles/PMC10249401/ /pubmed/37227151 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00634 Text en © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Permits the broadest form of re-use including for commercial purposes, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Doppelhammer, Nikolaus
Puttinger, Stefan
Pellens, Nick
Voglhuber-Brunnmaier, Thomas
Asselman, Karel
Jakoby, Bernhard
Kirschhock, Christine E. A.
Reichel, Erwin K.
Generation and Observation of Long-Lasting and Self-Sustaining Marangoni Flow
title Generation and Observation of Long-Lasting and Self-Sustaining Marangoni Flow
title_full Generation and Observation of Long-Lasting and Self-Sustaining Marangoni Flow
title_fullStr Generation and Observation of Long-Lasting and Self-Sustaining Marangoni Flow
title_full_unstemmed Generation and Observation of Long-Lasting and Self-Sustaining Marangoni Flow
title_short Generation and Observation of Long-Lasting and Self-Sustaining Marangoni Flow
title_sort generation and observation of long-lasting and self-sustaining marangoni flow
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10249401/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37227151
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00634
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