Uncovering Patterns in Dairy Cow Behaviour: A Deep Learning Approach with Tri-Axial Accelerometer Data

SIMPLE SUMMARY: The early detection of behavioural changes based on variations in dairy cows’ daily routines is of paramount importance to the timely identification of the onset of disease. However, the effectiveness in identifying these changes through the use of sensors is dependent on the accuracy and precision of the system used. This study tested the performance of deep learning models in classifying the behaviour of dairy cows on the basis of the data acquired through a tri-axial accelerometer. The results were compared with those obtained from the same raw data analysed by classical machine learning algorithms. Among the tested models, an 8-layer convolutional neural network showed the highest performance in predicting the considered behaviours. ABSTRACT: The accurate detection of behavioural changes represents a promising method of detecting the early onset of disease in dairy cows. This study assessed the performance of deep learning (DL) in classifying dairy cows’ behaviour from accelerometry data acquired by single sensors on the cows’ left flanks and compared the results with those obtained through classical machine learning (ML) from the same raw data. Twelve cows with a tri-axial accelerometer were observed for 136 ± 29 min each to detect five main behaviours: standing still, moving, feeding, ruminating and resting. For each 8 s time interval, 15 metrics were calculated, obtaining a dataset of 211,720 observation units and 15 columns. The entire dataset was randomly split into training (80%) and testing (20%) datasets. The DL accuracy, precision and sensitivity/recall were calculated and compared with the performance of classical ML models. The best predictive model was an 8-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) with an overall accuracy and F1 score equal to 0.96. The precision, sensitivity/recall and F1 score of single behaviours had the following ranges: 0.93–0.99. The CNN outperformed all the classical ML algorithms. The CNN used to monitor the cows’ conditions showed an overall high performance in successfully predicting multiple behaviours using a single accelerometer.