An In Vivo Whole-Transcriptomic Approach to Assess Developmental and Reproductive Impairments Caused by Flumequine in Daphnia magna

Among veterinary antibiotics, flumequine (FLU) is still widely used in aquaculture due to its efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Although it was synthesized more than 50 years ago, a complete toxicological framework of possible side effects on non-target species is still far from being achieved. The aim of this research was to investigate the FLU molecular mechanisms in Daphnia magna, a planktonic crustacean recognized as a model species for ecotoxicological studies. Two different FLU concentrations (2.0 mg L(−1) and 0.2 mg L(−1)) were assayed in general accordance with OECD Guideline 211, with some proper adaptations. Exposure to FLU (2.0 mg L(−1)) caused alteration of phenotypic traits, with a significant reduction in survival rate, body growth, and reproduction. The lower concentration (0.2 mg L(−1)) did not affect phenotypic traits but modulated gene expression, an effect which was even more evident under the higher exposure level. Indeed, in daphnids exposed to 2.0 mg L(−1) FLU, several genes related with growth, development, structural components, and antioxidant response were significantly modulated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work showing the impact of FLU on the transcriptome of D. magna.