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Yet Another Compact Time Series Data Representation Using CBOR Templates (YACTS)

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology is growing rapidly, while the IoT devices are being deployed massively. However, interoperability with information systems remains a major challenge for this accelerated device deployment. Furthermore, most of the time, IoT information is presented as Time Ser...

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Autores principales: Molina Araque, Sebastian, Martinez, Ivan, Papadopoulos, Georgios Z., Montavont, Nicolas, Toutain, Laurent
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10255256/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37299850
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115124
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author Molina Araque, Sebastian
Martinez, Ivan
Papadopoulos, Georgios Z.
Montavont, Nicolas
Toutain, Laurent
author_facet Molina Araque, Sebastian
Martinez, Ivan
Papadopoulos, Georgios Z.
Montavont, Nicolas
Toutain, Laurent
author_sort Molina Araque, Sebastian
collection PubMed
description The Internet of Things (IoT) technology is growing rapidly, while the IoT devices are being deployed massively. However, interoperability with information systems remains a major challenge for this accelerated device deployment. Furthermore, most of the time, IoT information is presented as Time Series (TS), and while the majority of the studies in the literature focus on the prediction, compression, or processing of TS, no standardized representation format has emerged. Moreover, apart from interoperability, IoT networks contain multiple constrained devices which are designed with limitations, e.g., processing power, memory, or battery life. Therefore, in order to reduce the interoperability challenges and increase the lifetime of IoT devices, this article introduces a new format for TS based on CBOR. The format exploits the compactness of CBOR by leveraging delta values to represent measurements, employing tags to represent variables, and utilizing templates to convert the TS data representation into the appropriate format for the cloud-based application. Moreover, we introduce a new refined and structured metadata to represent additional information for the measurements, then we provide a Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL) code to validate the CBOR structures against our proposal, and finally, we present a detailed performance evaluation to validate the adaptability and the extensibility of our approach. Our performance evaluation results show that the actual data sent by IoT devices can be reduced by between 88% and 94% compared to JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), between 82% and 91% compared to Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and ASN.1, and between 60% and 88% compared to Protocol buffers. At the same time, it can reduce Time-on-Air by between 84% and 94% when a Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) technology such as LoRaWAN is employed, leading to a 12-fold increase in battery life compared to CBOR format or between a 9-fold and 16-fold increase when compared to Protocol buffers and ASN.1, respectively. In addition, the proposed metadata represent an additional 0.5% of the overall data transmitted in cases where networks such as LPWAN or Wi-Fi are employed. Finally, the proposed template and data format provide a compact representation of TS that can significantly reduce the amount of data transmitted containing the same information, extend the battery life of IoT devices, and improve their lifetime. Moreover, the results show that the proposed approach is effective for different data types and it can be integrated seamlessly into existing IoT systems.
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spelling pubmed-102552562023-06-10 Yet Another Compact Time Series Data Representation Using CBOR Templates (YACTS) Molina Araque, Sebastian Martinez, Ivan Papadopoulos, Georgios Z. Montavont, Nicolas Toutain, Laurent Sensors (Basel) Article The Internet of Things (IoT) technology is growing rapidly, while the IoT devices are being deployed massively. However, interoperability with information systems remains a major challenge for this accelerated device deployment. Furthermore, most of the time, IoT information is presented as Time Series (TS), and while the majority of the studies in the literature focus on the prediction, compression, or processing of TS, no standardized representation format has emerged. Moreover, apart from interoperability, IoT networks contain multiple constrained devices which are designed with limitations, e.g., processing power, memory, or battery life. Therefore, in order to reduce the interoperability challenges and increase the lifetime of IoT devices, this article introduces a new format for TS based on CBOR. The format exploits the compactness of CBOR by leveraging delta values to represent measurements, employing tags to represent variables, and utilizing templates to convert the TS data representation into the appropriate format for the cloud-based application. Moreover, we introduce a new refined and structured metadata to represent additional information for the measurements, then we provide a Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL) code to validate the CBOR structures against our proposal, and finally, we present a detailed performance evaluation to validate the adaptability and the extensibility of our approach. Our performance evaluation results show that the actual data sent by IoT devices can be reduced by between 88% and 94% compared to JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), between 82% and 91% compared to Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and ASN.1, and between 60% and 88% compared to Protocol buffers. At the same time, it can reduce Time-on-Air by between 84% and 94% when a Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) technology such as LoRaWAN is employed, leading to a 12-fold increase in battery life compared to CBOR format or between a 9-fold and 16-fold increase when compared to Protocol buffers and ASN.1, respectively. In addition, the proposed metadata represent an additional 0.5% of the overall data transmitted in cases where networks such as LPWAN or Wi-Fi are employed. Finally, the proposed template and data format provide a compact representation of TS that can significantly reduce the amount of data transmitted containing the same information, extend the battery life of IoT devices, and improve their lifetime. Moreover, the results show that the proposed approach is effective for different data types and it can be integrated seamlessly into existing IoT systems. MDPI 2023-05-27 /pmc/articles/PMC10255256/ /pubmed/37299850 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115124 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Molina Araque, Sebastian
Martinez, Ivan
Papadopoulos, Georgios Z.
Montavont, Nicolas
Toutain, Laurent
Yet Another Compact Time Series Data Representation Using CBOR Templates (YACTS)
title Yet Another Compact Time Series Data Representation Using CBOR Templates (YACTS)
title_full Yet Another Compact Time Series Data Representation Using CBOR Templates (YACTS)
title_fullStr Yet Another Compact Time Series Data Representation Using CBOR Templates (YACTS)
title_full_unstemmed Yet Another Compact Time Series Data Representation Using CBOR Templates (YACTS)
title_short Yet Another Compact Time Series Data Representation Using CBOR Templates (YACTS)
title_sort yet another compact time series data representation using cbor templates (yacts)
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10255256/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37299850
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115124
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