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WARNING: A Wearable Inertial-Based Sensor Integrated with a Support Vector Machine Algorithm for the Identification of Faults during Race Walking

Due to subjectivity in refereeing, the results of race walking are often questioned. To overcome this limitation, artificial-intelligence-based technologies have demonstrated their potential. The paper aims at presenting WARNING, an inertial-based wearable sensor integrated with a support vector mac...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Taborri, Juri, Palermo, Eduardo, Rossi, Stefano
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10255960/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37299975
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115245
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author Taborri, Juri
Palermo, Eduardo
Rossi, Stefano
author_facet Taborri, Juri
Palermo, Eduardo
Rossi, Stefano
author_sort Taborri, Juri
collection PubMed
description Due to subjectivity in refereeing, the results of race walking are often questioned. To overcome this limitation, artificial-intelligence-based technologies have demonstrated their potential. The paper aims at presenting WARNING, an inertial-based wearable sensor integrated with a support vector machine algorithm to automatically identify race-walking faults. Two WARNING sensors were used to gather the 3D linear acceleration related to the shanks of ten expert race-walkers. Participants were asked to perform a race circuit following three race-walking conditions: legal, illegal with loss-of-contact and illegal with knee-bent. Thirteen machine learning algorithms, belonging to the decision tree, support vector machine and k-nearest neighbor categories, were evaluated. An inter-athlete training procedure was applied. Algorithm performance was evaluated in terms of overall accuracy, F1 score and G-index, as well as by computing the prediction speed. The quadratic support vector was confirmed to be the best-performing classifier, achieving an accuracy above 90% with a prediction speed of 29,000 observations/s when considering data from both shanks. A significant reduction of the performance was assessed when considering only one lower limb side. The outcomes allow us to affirm the potential of WARNING to be used as a referee assistant in race-walking competitions and during training sessions.
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spelling pubmed-102559602023-06-10 WARNING: A Wearable Inertial-Based Sensor Integrated with a Support Vector Machine Algorithm for the Identification of Faults during Race Walking Taborri, Juri Palermo, Eduardo Rossi, Stefano Sensors (Basel) Article Due to subjectivity in refereeing, the results of race walking are often questioned. To overcome this limitation, artificial-intelligence-based technologies have demonstrated their potential. The paper aims at presenting WARNING, an inertial-based wearable sensor integrated with a support vector machine algorithm to automatically identify race-walking faults. Two WARNING sensors were used to gather the 3D linear acceleration related to the shanks of ten expert race-walkers. Participants were asked to perform a race circuit following three race-walking conditions: legal, illegal with loss-of-contact and illegal with knee-bent. Thirteen machine learning algorithms, belonging to the decision tree, support vector machine and k-nearest neighbor categories, were evaluated. An inter-athlete training procedure was applied. Algorithm performance was evaluated in terms of overall accuracy, F1 score and G-index, as well as by computing the prediction speed. The quadratic support vector was confirmed to be the best-performing classifier, achieving an accuracy above 90% with a prediction speed of 29,000 observations/s when considering data from both shanks. A significant reduction of the performance was assessed when considering only one lower limb side. The outcomes allow us to affirm the potential of WARNING to be used as a referee assistant in race-walking competitions and during training sessions. MDPI 2023-05-31 /pmc/articles/PMC10255960/ /pubmed/37299975 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115245 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Taborri, Juri
Palermo, Eduardo
Rossi, Stefano
WARNING: A Wearable Inertial-Based Sensor Integrated with a Support Vector Machine Algorithm for the Identification of Faults during Race Walking
title WARNING: A Wearable Inertial-Based Sensor Integrated with a Support Vector Machine Algorithm for the Identification of Faults during Race Walking
title_full WARNING: A Wearable Inertial-Based Sensor Integrated with a Support Vector Machine Algorithm for the Identification of Faults during Race Walking
title_fullStr WARNING: A Wearable Inertial-Based Sensor Integrated with a Support Vector Machine Algorithm for the Identification of Faults during Race Walking
title_full_unstemmed WARNING: A Wearable Inertial-Based Sensor Integrated with a Support Vector Machine Algorithm for the Identification of Faults during Race Walking
title_short WARNING: A Wearable Inertial-Based Sensor Integrated with a Support Vector Machine Algorithm for the Identification of Faults during Race Walking
title_sort warning: a wearable inertial-based sensor integrated with a support vector machine algorithm for the identification of faults during race walking
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10255960/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37299975
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115245
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