Applications of 3D printing in aging

Aging is inevitable, and how to age healthily is a key concern. Additive manufacturing offers many solutions to this problem. In this paper, we first briefly introduce various 3D printing technologies commonly used in the biomedical field, particularly in aging research and aging care. Next, we closely examine aging-related health conditions of nervous system, musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, and digestive system with a focus on the application of 3D printing in these fields, including the creation of in vitro models and implants, production of drugs and drug delivery systems, and fabrication of rehabilitation and assistive medical devices. Finally, the opportunities, challenges, and prospects of 3D printing in the field of aging are discussed.