Effective antimicrobial therapies of urinary tract infections among children in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review

IMPORTANCE: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections encountered in infancy and childhood. Despite the emerging problem of antibiotic resistance in recent years, the use of antibiotics for better management of UTIs is inevitable. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the efficacy and adverse effects of the available antimicrobial agents that are used in pediatric UTIs in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). METHODS: Five electronic databases were searched to identify relevant articles. Two reviewers independently performed screening, data extraction, and quality assessment of the available literature. Randomized controlled trials providing antimicrobial interventions in both male and female participants within the age range of 3 months to 17 years in LMICs were included. RESULTS: Six randomized controlled trials from 13 LMICs were included in this review (four trials explored the efficacy). Due to high heterogeneity across the studies, a meta‐analysis was not performed. Other than attrition and reporting bias, the risk of bias was moderate to high due to poor study designs. The differences in the efficacy and adverse events of different antimicrobials were not found to be statistically significant. INTERPRETATION: This review indicates the necessity for additional clinical trials on children from LMICs with more significant sample numbers, adequate intervention periods, and study design.