Tuning the Effect of Chitosan on the Electrochemical Responsiveness of Lignin Nanoparticles

[Image: see text] Chitosan and lignin mixed nanoparticles were prepared by layer-by-layer and nanoprecipitation methodologies as responsive platforms for sustainable biosensors. The novel nanoparticles showed effective chemophysical and electrochemical properties dependent on the preparation methodology, molecular weight of chitosan, and type of lignin. HOMO–LUMO energy gap calculations suggested the presence of structure–activity relationships between the electrochemical responsiveness and the order and orientation of lignin aromatic subunits and chitosan chains in the nanodevices.