A pan-cancer analysis of the oncogenic and immunological roles of apolipoprotein F (APOF) in human cancer

BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein F (APOF) has been less studied in cancers. Thus, we aimed to perform a pan-cancer analysis of the oncogenic and immunological effects of APOF on human cancer. METHODS: A standardized TCGA pan-cancer dataset was downloaded. Differential expression, clinical prognosis, genetic mutations, immune infiltration, epigenetic modifications, tumor stemness and heterogeneity were analyzed. We conducted all analyses through software R (version 3.6.3) and its suitable packages. RESULTS: Overall, we found that the common cancers differentially expressed between tumor and normal samples and prognostic-associated were BRCA, PRAD, KIRP, and LIHC in terms of overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The pan-cancer Spearman analysis showed that the mRNA expression of APOF was negatively correlated with four tumor stemness indexes (DMPss, DNAss, ENHss, and EREG-METHss) with statistical significance for PRAD and was positively correlated for LIHC. In terms of BRCA and PRAD patients, we found negative correlation of APOF with TMB, MSI, neo, HRD and LOH. The mutation frequencies of BRCA and LIHC were 0.3%. APOF expression was negatively correlated with immune infiltration and positively correlated with tumor purity for PRAD patients. The mRNA expression of APOF was negatively associated with most TILs for LIHC, B cells, CD4+ T cells, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells, but was positively associated with CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our pan-cancer study offered a relatively comprehensive understanding of the roles of APOF on BRCA, PRAD, KIRP, and LIHC. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40001-023-01156-w.