Data quantity governance for machine learning in materials science

Data-driven machine learning (ML) is widely employed in the analysis of materials structure–activity relationships, performance optimization and materials design due to its superior ability to reveal latent data patterns and make accurate prediction. However, because of the laborious process of materials data acquisition, ML models encounter the issue of the mismatch between a high dimension of feature space and a small sample size (for traditional ML models) or the mismatch between model parameters and sample size (for deep-learning models), usually resulting in terrible performance. Here, we review the efforts for tackling this issue via feature reduction, sample augmentation and specific ML approaches, and show that the balance between the number of samples and features or model parameters should attract great attention during data quantity governance. Following this, we propose a synergistic data quantity governance flow with the incorporation of materials domain knowledge. After summarizing the approaches to incorporating materials domain knowledge into the process of ML, we provide examples of incorporating domain knowledge into governance schemes to demonstrate the advantages of the approach and applications. The work paves the way for obtaining the required high-quality data to accelerate materials design and discovery based on ML.