HIV-1 capsid stability enables inositol phosphate-independent infection of target cells and promotes integration into genes

The mature HIV-1 capsid is stabilized by host and viral determinants. The capsid protein CA binds to the cellular metabolites inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and its precursor inositol (1, 3, 4, 5, 6) pentakisphosphate (IP5) to stabilize the mature capsid. In target cells, capsid destabilization by the antiviral compounds lenacapavir and PF74 reveals a HIV-1 infectivity defect due to IP5/IP6 (IP5/6) depletion. To test whether intrinsic HIV-1 capsid stability and/or host factor binding determines HIV-1 insensitivity to IP5/6 depletion, a panel of CA mutants was assayed for infection of IP5/6-depleted T cells and wildtype cells. Four CA mutants with unstable capsids exhibited dependence on host IP5/6 for infection and reverse transcription (RTN). Adaptation of one such mutant, Q219A, by spread in culture resulted in Vpu truncation and a capsid three-fold interface mutation, T200I. T200I increased intrinsic capsid stability as determined by in vitro uncoating of purified cores and partially reversed the IP5/6-dependence in target cells for each of the four CA mutants. T200I further rescued the changes to lenacapavir sensitivity associated with the parental mutation. The premature dissolution of the capsid caused by the IP5/6-dependent mutations imparted a unique defect in integration targeting that was rescued by T200I. Collectively, these results demonstrate that T200I restored other capsid functions after RTN for the panel of mutants. Thus, the hyperstable T200I mutation stabilized the instability defects imparted by the parental IP5/6-dependent CA mutation. The contribution of Vpu truncation to mutant adaptation was linked to BST-2 antagonization, suggesting that cell-to-cell transfer promoted replication of the mutants. We conclude that interactions at the three-fold interface are adaptable, key mediators of capsid stability in target cells and are able to antagonize even severe capsid instability to promote infection.