Empirical Evidence That Complexity Limits Horizontal Gene Transfer

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a major contributor to bacterial genome evolution, generating phenotypic diversity, driving the expansion of protein families, and facilitating the evolution of new phenotypes, new metabolic pathways, and new species. Comparative studies of gene gain in bacteria suggest that the frequency with which individual genes successfully undergo HGT varies considerably and may be associated with the number of protein–protein interactions in which the gene participates, that is, its connectivity. Two nonexclusive hypotheses have emerged to explain why transferability should decrease with connectivity: the complexity hypothesis (Jain R, Rivera MC, Lake JA. 1999. Horizontal gene transfer among genomes: the complexity hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96:3801–3806.) and the balance hypothesis (Papp B, Pál C, Hurst LD. 2003. Dosage sensitivity and the evolution of gene families in yeast. Nature 424:194–197.). These hypotheses predict that the functional costs of HGT arise from a failure of divergent homologs to make normal protein–protein interactions or from gene misexpression, respectively. Here we describe genome-wide assessments of these hypotheses in which we used 74 existing prokaryotic whole genome shotgun libraries to estimate rates of horizontal transfer of genes from taxonomically diverse prokaryotic donors into Escherichia coli. We show that 1) transferability declines as connectivity increases, 2) transferability declines as the divergence between donor and recipient orthologs increases, and that 3) the magnitude of this negative effect of divergence on transferability increases with connectivity. These effects are particularly robust among the translational proteins, which span the widest range of connectivities. Whereas the complexity hypothesis explains all three of these observations, the balance hypothesis explains only the first one.