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Residential Water Softeners Release Carbon, Consume Chlorine, and Require Remediation after Hydrocarbon Contamination

[Image: see text] Water quality impacts of new ion exchange point-of-entry residential softeners and their ability to be decontaminated following hydrocarbon exposure were investigated. During startup, significant amounts of total sulfur (445 ± 815 mg/L) and total organic carbon (937 ± 119 mg/L) wer...

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Autores principales: Jankowski, Caroline M., Gustafson, Lauren A., Isaacson, Kristofer P., Del Real, Katie R., Noh, Yoorae, Ehde, Aliya B., Larsen, Madeline B., Ra, Kyungyeon, Palmegiani, Maria A., Fleming, Catherine E., Schmidt, William J., Shah, Amisha D., Proctor, Caitlin R., Whelton, Andrew J.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: American Chemical Society 2023
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10269340/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37255211
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c00700
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author Jankowski, Caroline M.
Gustafson, Lauren A.
Isaacson, Kristofer P.
Del Real, Katie R.
Noh, Yoorae
Ehde, Aliya B.
Larsen, Madeline B.
Ra, Kyungyeon
Palmegiani, Maria A.
Fleming, Catherine E.
Schmidt, William J.
Shah, Amisha D.
Proctor, Caitlin R.
Whelton, Andrew J.
author_facet Jankowski, Caroline M.
Gustafson, Lauren A.
Isaacson, Kristofer P.
Del Real, Katie R.
Noh, Yoorae
Ehde, Aliya B.
Larsen, Madeline B.
Ra, Kyungyeon
Palmegiani, Maria A.
Fleming, Catherine E.
Schmidt, William J.
Shah, Amisha D.
Proctor, Caitlin R.
Whelton, Andrew J.
author_sort Jankowski, Caroline M.
collection PubMed
description [Image: see text] Water quality impacts of new ion exchange point-of-entry residential softeners and their ability to be decontaminated following hydrocarbon exposure were investigated. During startup, significant amounts of total sulfur (445 ± 815 mg/L) and total organic carbon (937 ± 119 mg/L) were released into the drinking water that flowed through the softeners. Particulate organic carbon was released until the third regeneration cycle, and resin may also have been released. After one week of device use, softeners continued to cause organic carbon levels to be four to five times greater than background levels. Leached materials from the ion-exchange resin contributed to chlorine decay. When resins were exposed to hydrocarbon-contaminated water, they sorbed benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) and then desorbed the contaminants into drinking water during a 15 day flushing decontamination period. On day 15, benzene exceeded the federal drinking water limit for two of the four resins. The aged resin contributed to the greatest chlorine decay rates and sorbed and then retained the least amount of BTEX. Scale and biofilm on the aged resin likely prompted disinfectant reactivity and inhibited BTEX diffusion into the resin. Study results show that softeners exposed to hydrocarbon-contaminated water may need to be repeatedly flushed to remove BTEX contamination or be replaced. Additional work is recommended to better understand softener impacts on drinking water quality.
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spelling pubmed-102693402023-06-16 Residential Water Softeners Release Carbon, Consume Chlorine, and Require Remediation after Hydrocarbon Contamination Jankowski, Caroline M. Gustafson, Lauren A. Isaacson, Kristofer P. Del Real, Katie R. Noh, Yoorae Ehde, Aliya B. Larsen, Madeline B. Ra, Kyungyeon Palmegiani, Maria A. Fleming, Catherine E. Schmidt, William J. Shah, Amisha D. Proctor, Caitlin R. Whelton, Andrew J. Environ Sci Technol [Image: see text] Water quality impacts of new ion exchange point-of-entry residential softeners and their ability to be decontaminated following hydrocarbon exposure were investigated. During startup, significant amounts of total sulfur (445 ± 815 mg/L) and total organic carbon (937 ± 119 mg/L) were released into the drinking water that flowed through the softeners. Particulate organic carbon was released until the third regeneration cycle, and resin may also have been released. After one week of device use, softeners continued to cause organic carbon levels to be four to five times greater than background levels. Leached materials from the ion-exchange resin contributed to chlorine decay. When resins were exposed to hydrocarbon-contaminated water, they sorbed benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) and then desorbed the contaminants into drinking water during a 15 day flushing decontamination period. On day 15, benzene exceeded the federal drinking water limit for two of the four resins. The aged resin contributed to the greatest chlorine decay rates and sorbed and then retained the least amount of BTEX. Scale and biofilm on the aged resin likely prompted disinfectant reactivity and inhibited BTEX diffusion into the resin. Study results show that softeners exposed to hydrocarbon-contaminated water may need to be repeatedly flushed to remove BTEX contamination or be replaced. Additional work is recommended to better understand softener impacts on drinking water quality. American Chemical Society 2023-05-31 /pmc/articles/PMC10269340/ /pubmed/37255211 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c00700 Text en © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Permits non-commercial access and re-use, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained; but does not permit creation of adaptations or other derivative works (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
spellingShingle Jankowski, Caroline M.
Gustafson, Lauren A.
Isaacson, Kristofer P.
Del Real, Katie R.
Noh, Yoorae
Ehde, Aliya B.
Larsen, Madeline B.
Ra, Kyungyeon
Palmegiani, Maria A.
Fleming, Catherine E.
Schmidt, William J.
Shah, Amisha D.
Proctor, Caitlin R.
Whelton, Andrew J.
Residential Water Softeners Release Carbon, Consume Chlorine, and Require Remediation after Hydrocarbon Contamination
title Residential Water Softeners Release Carbon, Consume Chlorine, and Require Remediation after Hydrocarbon Contamination
title_full Residential Water Softeners Release Carbon, Consume Chlorine, and Require Remediation after Hydrocarbon Contamination
title_fullStr Residential Water Softeners Release Carbon, Consume Chlorine, and Require Remediation after Hydrocarbon Contamination
title_full_unstemmed Residential Water Softeners Release Carbon, Consume Chlorine, and Require Remediation after Hydrocarbon Contamination
title_short Residential Water Softeners Release Carbon, Consume Chlorine, and Require Remediation after Hydrocarbon Contamination
title_sort residential water softeners release carbon, consume chlorine, and require remediation after hydrocarbon contamination
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10269340/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37255211
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c00700
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