Combining Procedural and Behavioral Treatments for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Pilot Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial

Individual treatments for chronic low back pain (CLBP) have small magnitude effects. Combining different types of treatments may produce larger effects. This study used a 2×2 factorial randomized controlled trial (RCT) design to combine procedural and behavioral treatments for CLBP. The study aims were to: (1) assess feasibility of conducting a factorial RCT of these treatments; and (2) estimate individual and combined treatment effects of (a) lumbar radiofrequency ablation (LRFA) of the dorsal ramus medial branch nerves (vs. a simulated LRFA control procedure) and (b) Activity Tracker-Informed Video-Enabled Cognitive Behavioral Therapy program for CLBP (AcTIVE-CBT) (vs. an educational control treatment) on back-related disability at 3 months post-randomization. Participants (n=13) were randomized in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. Feasibility goals included an enrollment proportion ≥30%, a randomization proportion ≥80%, and a ≥80% proportion of randomized participants completing the 3-month Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) primary outcome endpoint. An intent-to-treat analysis was used. The enrollment proportion was 62%, the randomization proportion was 81%, and all randomized participants completed the primary outcome. Though not statistically significant, there was a beneficial, moderate-magnitude effect of LRFA vs. control on 3-month RMDQ (−3.25 RMDQ points; 95% CI: −10.18, 3.67). There was a significant, beneficial, large-magnitude effect of AcTIVECBT vs. control (−6.29, 95% CI: −10.97, −1.60). Though not statistically significant, there was a beneficial, large effect of LRFA+AcTIVE-CBT vs. control (−8.37; 95% CI: −21.47, 4.74). We conclude that it is feasible to conduct an RCT combining procedural and behavioral treatments for CLBP.