X-ray source arrays for volumetric imaging during radiotherapy treatment

This work presents a novel hardware configuration for radiotherapy systems to enable fast 3D X-ray imaging before and during treatment delivery. Standard external beam radiotherapy linear accelerators (linacs) have a single X-ray source and detector located at ± 90° from the treatment beam respectively. The entire system can be rotated around the patient acquiring multiple 2D X-ray images to create a 3D cone-beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) image before treatment delivery to ensure the tumour and surrounding organs align with the treatment plan. Scanning with a single source is slow relative to patient respiration or breath holds and cannot be performed during treatment delivery, limiting treatment delivery accuracy in the presence of patient motion and excluding some patients from concentrated treatment plans that would be otherwise expected to have improved outcomes. This simulation study investigated whether recent advances in carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission source arrays, high frame rate (60 Hz) flat panel detectors and compressed sensing reconstruction algorithms could circumvent imaging limitations of current linacs. We investigated a novel hardware configuration incorporating source arrays and high frame rate detectors into an otherwise standard linac. We investigated four potential pre-treatment scan protocols that could be achieved in a 17 s breath hold or 2–10 1 s breath holds. Finally, we demonstrated for the first time volumetric X-ray imaging during treatment delivery by using source arrays, high frame rate detectors and compressed sensing. Image quality was assessed quantitatively over the CBCT geometric field of view as well as across each axis through the tumour centroid. Our results demonstrate that source array imaging enables larger volumes to be imaged with acquisitions as short as 1 s albeit with reduced image quality arising from lower photon flux and shorter imaging arcs.