Extreme Sensitivity of Fitness to Environmental Conditions: Lessons from #1BigBatch

The phrase “survival of the fittest” has become an iconic descriptor of how natural selection works. And yet, precisely measuring fitness, even for single-celled microbial populations growing in controlled laboratory conditions, remains a challenge. While numerous methods exist to perform these measurements, including recently developed methods utilizing DNA barcodes, all methods are limited in their precision to differentiate strains with small fitness differences. In this study, we rule out some major sources of imprecision, but still find that fitness measurements vary substantially from replicate to replicate. Our data suggest that very subtle and difficult to avoid environmental differences between replicates create systematic variation across fitness measurements. We conclude by discussing how fitness measurements should be interpreted given their extreme environment dependence. This work was inspired by the scientific community who followed us and gave us tips as we live tweeted a high-replicate fitness measurement experiment at #1BigBatch. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00239-023-10114-3.