Pulmonary Manifestations at Different Stages in the Chronic Kidney Disease: An Observational Study

Introduction: By a variety of pathogenic pathways, kidney diseases can have a direct negative impact on the lungs and worsen the prognosis for those with chronic renal disease. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health concern throughout the world. The relationship between the kidneys and lungs is crucial for maintaining acid-base balance, fluid homeostasis, and blood pressure control. These patients have a higher prevalence of lung dysfunction regardless of the disease's stage, including sleep apnea syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The chance of getting a pulmonary consequence increases with the severity of kidney disease. In individuals with chronic renal disease, this study looked at the prevalence of several respiratory disorders. Materials and methods: From February 2021 to October 2021, 70 CKD patients who were receiving care at the Saveetha Medical College and Hospital were taken into consideration for the study. Clinical assessment and pertinent tests, such as a pulmonary function test, chest radiography, CT chest, sputum analysis, and pleural fluid analysis were performed. To evaluate left ventricular function, echocardiography was performed. Selected patients underwent polysomnography. Results: The study's population had a mean age of 50 years. There was a 20:50 sex ratio (M:F). Seventy percent of them had respiratory conditions, the most frequent of which was pleural effusion (70%), followed by pulmonary edema (52%). The pleural effusion was primarily transudative and right sided. Both tuberculous pleural effusion and pulmonary tuberculosis were detected in 2% of the population. Seven percent of them developed pneumonia. 10% of patients had thickening of the pleura. Using chest CT and x-ray, 3% of patients had pulmonary calcification visible. In 12 (60%) out of the 20 patients who were studied, sleep apnea was observed. Two patients with tuberculosis and pneumonia lacked the typical signs. Conclusions: In our research study, CKD patients have a much higher preponderance of respiratory illnesses, which has negative effects on patient care.