Near-surface termination of upward-propagating strike-slip ruptures on the Yangsan Fault, Korea

We present a new example of the termination of strike-slip paleoearthquake ruptures in near-surface regions on the Yangsan Fault, Korea, based on multi-scale structural observations. Paleoearthquake ruptures occur mostly along the boundary between the inherited fault core and damage zone (N10–20°E/> 75°SE). The ruptures propagated upward to the shallow subsurface along a < 3-cm-wide specific slip zone with dextral-slip sense, along which the deformation mechanism is characterized mainly by granular flow in near-surface region. The ruptures either reach the surface or are terminated in unconsolidated sediment below the surface. In the latter case, the rupture splays show westward bifurcation, and their geometry and kinematics show a change to NNW-strike with low-angle dip and dextral-reverse oblique-slip sense in the strata. We suggest that the upward termination of the contractional strike-slip ruptures is controlled by the inherited fault geometry that is unfavorable with respect to the stress field (ENE–WSW σ(Hmax)) at basement depths in terms of movement on the fault, and the lack of extension of the fault into shallow subsurface; a depth-dependent change in stress from σ(Hmax) > σ(v) > σ(Hmin) to σ(Hmax) > σ(Hmin) > σ(v) at depth of a ~ 200 m; and the physical properties of unconsolidated sediment, which have low inter-granular cohesion, resulting in distributed deformation.