Surveillance and epidemiological characterization of human adenovirus infections among outpatient children with acute gastroenteritis during the COVID-19 epidemic in Shanghai, China

BACKGROUND: Human adenovirus (HAdV) has been recognized as one of the common enteric viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children. The aim of this study was carried out to illustrate the epidemiological characterization of HAdV Infections among children younger than 15 years in Shanghai during COVID-19. METHODS: During May 2020 and April 2022, 1048 fecal samples were collected from children ≤ 15 years diagnosed with AGE in the Children’s Hospital of Fudan University. HAdV was identified by PCR and sequenced with specific primers. All the obtained sequences were analyzed by MEGA (version 6.0). Demographic information and clinical features data were also collected and analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 97 (9.3%, 97/1048) samples were detected to be HAdV during May 2020 and April 2022. We found an atypical upsurge in HAdV infection in the year 2021 after a major suppression in the year 2020. Approximately 84.5% (82/97) of HAdV-infected children were aged 0–60 months. Among the 97 HAdV-positive samples, only two species and five genotypes were detected. HAdV-F (88.7%, 86/97) was the most prevalent species and HAdV-F41 (87.6%, 85/97) was the most common genotype. Diarrhea, vomiting, and fever were the main clinical manifestations in children infected with HAdV. The children aged from 0 to 12 months showed simpler patterns of clinical presentation than those of children older than 13 months. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings described the epidemiological changes of HAdV infection in children with AGE during the COVID-19, which further underscored the importance of continuous surveillance of HAdV at both local and global scales.