Behavioral change stage might moderate the impact of multifaceted interventions on non‐attendance from medical care among patients with type 2 diabetes: The Japan Diabetes Outcome Intervention Trial‐2 Large‐Scale Trial 007 (J‐DOIT2‐LT007)

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Non‐attendance from regular medical care is a major problem in diabetes patients. This study aimed to examine the impact of a multifaceted lifestyle intervention by face‐to‐face approach (FFA) on non‐attendance from regular medical care in comparison with that by telephone from the technical support center (TSC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was secondary analysis from a 1‐year, prospective, cluster randomized, intervention study. Patients with type 2 diabetes, who were regularly visiting primary care physicians cluster‐randomized into the control or intervention (TSC or FFA according to resource availability of the district medical associations) groups, were consecutively recruited. The primary end‐point was non‐attendance from regular medical care. The interaction between the type of intervention (TSC vs FFA) and behavioral change stage (pre‐ vs post‐action stage) in diet and exercise for the dropout rate was assessed. RESULTS: Among the 1,915 participants (mean age 56 ± 6 years; 36% women) enrolled, 828, 564 and 264 patients belonged to the control, TSC and FFA groups, respectively. We found evidence suggestive of an interaction between the intervention type and behavioral change stage in diet (P = 0.042) and exercise (P = 0.038) after adjusting for covariates. The hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of FFA to TSC were 0.21 (0.05–0.93) and 7.69 (0.50–117.78) in the pre‐action and post‐action stages for diet, respectively, whereas they were 0.20 (0.05–0.92) and 4.75 (0.29–73.70) in the pre‐action and post‐action stages for exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Among diabetes patients, the impact of multifaceted intervention on non‐attendance from medical care might differ by the behavioral change stage.