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A New Monitoring Strategy of Large Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Litter: A Case Study on Sandy Beaches of Baltic Lagoons and Estuaries
Coastal lagoons and estuaries are hot spots to accumulate river basin-related plastic leakage. However, no official methodology exists to investigate their relatively short, rich in organic matter beaches, and the knowledge of pollution of lagoons is scarce worldwide. This study aimed to develop a m...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer US
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10287572/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36434121 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01755-z |
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author | Gyraite, Greta Haseler, Mirco Balčiūnas, Arūnas Sabaliauskaitė, Viktorija Martin, Georg Reisalu, Greta Schernewski, Gerald |
author_facet | Gyraite, Greta Haseler, Mirco Balčiūnas, Arūnas Sabaliauskaitė, Viktorija Martin, Georg Reisalu, Greta Schernewski, Gerald |
author_sort | Gyraite, Greta |
collection | PubMed |
description | Coastal lagoons and estuaries are hot spots to accumulate river basin-related plastic leakage. However, no official methodology exists to investigate their relatively short, rich in organic matter beaches, and the knowledge of pollution of lagoons is scarce worldwide. This study aimed to develop a methodology suitable for large micro (2–5 mm), meso (5–25 mm), and macro-litter (>25 mm) monitoring at sandy inner-coastal waters that would provide comparable results to the intensively used OSPAR 100 m method. The method proposed in this study is based on two 40 m(2) rectangular polygons placed on the tidal accumulation zone for macro-litter enumeration and two 1 m(2) squares for micro- and meso-litter. This method has been applied to 23 beaches from three inner-coastal waters of the Baltic Sea. This study shows that the litter densities between lagoons and bays differ and depend on the river output intensity and the retention capacity. The “Construction material”, “Plastic pieces 2–5 mm”, and “Plastic pieces 5–25 mm” were among this study’s top ten most common litter items. Experts allocated these items to the “Land based industry and trade” source, which indicates that lagoons and bays through the connection of the major rivers could be a potential sink of land-based litter. An evident strength of the methodology established is the capability to determine litter of all sizes, low-cost and time-efficiency, implementable for volunteer-based monitoring; provides comparable results to the most commonly used methods for investigating litter pollution on coastal beaches. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10287572 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Springer US |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-102875722023-06-24 A New Monitoring Strategy of Large Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Litter: A Case Study on Sandy Beaches of Baltic Lagoons and Estuaries Gyraite, Greta Haseler, Mirco Balčiūnas, Arūnas Sabaliauskaitė, Viktorija Martin, Georg Reisalu, Greta Schernewski, Gerald Environ Manage Article Coastal lagoons and estuaries are hot spots to accumulate river basin-related plastic leakage. However, no official methodology exists to investigate their relatively short, rich in organic matter beaches, and the knowledge of pollution of lagoons is scarce worldwide. This study aimed to develop a methodology suitable for large micro (2–5 mm), meso (5–25 mm), and macro-litter (>25 mm) monitoring at sandy inner-coastal waters that would provide comparable results to the intensively used OSPAR 100 m method. The method proposed in this study is based on two 40 m(2) rectangular polygons placed on the tidal accumulation zone for macro-litter enumeration and two 1 m(2) squares for micro- and meso-litter. This method has been applied to 23 beaches from three inner-coastal waters of the Baltic Sea. This study shows that the litter densities between lagoons and bays differ and depend on the river output intensity and the retention capacity. The “Construction material”, “Plastic pieces 2–5 mm”, and “Plastic pieces 5–25 mm” were among this study’s top ten most common litter items. Experts allocated these items to the “Land based industry and trade” source, which indicates that lagoons and bays through the connection of the major rivers could be a potential sink of land-based litter. An evident strength of the methodology established is the capability to determine litter of all sizes, low-cost and time-efficiency, implementable for volunteer-based monitoring; provides comparable results to the most commonly used methods for investigating litter pollution on coastal beaches. Springer US 2022-11-25 2023 /pmc/articles/PMC10287572/ /pubmed/36434121 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01755-z Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Article Gyraite, Greta Haseler, Mirco Balčiūnas, Arūnas Sabaliauskaitė, Viktorija Martin, Georg Reisalu, Greta Schernewski, Gerald A New Monitoring Strategy of Large Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Litter: A Case Study on Sandy Beaches of Baltic Lagoons and Estuaries |
title | A New Monitoring Strategy of Large Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Litter: A Case Study on Sandy Beaches of Baltic Lagoons and Estuaries |
title_full | A New Monitoring Strategy of Large Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Litter: A Case Study on Sandy Beaches of Baltic Lagoons and Estuaries |
title_fullStr | A New Monitoring Strategy of Large Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Litter: A Case Study on Sandy Beaches of Baltic Lagoons and Estuaries |
title_full_unstemmed | A New Monitoring Strategy of Large Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Litter: A Case Study on Sandy Beaches of Baltic Lagoons and Estuaries |
title_short | A New Monitoring Strategy of Large Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Litter: A Case Study on Sandy Beaches of Baltic Lagoons and Estuaries |
title_sort | new monitoring strategy of large micro-, meso- and macro-litter: a case study on sandy beaches of baltic lagoons and estuaries |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10287572/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36434121 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01755-z |
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