Spatial and temporal population genetic analysis of Semaprochilodus insignis (Prochilodontidae), an overexploited fish from the Amazon basin

BACKGROUND: Semaprochilodus insignis is a migratory fish of commercial and subsistence importance to communities in the Amazon. Despite the high intensity of exploitation, recent studies have not been carried out to assess the genetic status of its stocks. METHODS: This study is the first to estimate genetic diversity and to test the existence of spatial and temporal structuring of S. insignis through sequencing of the mtDNA control region (n = 241) and eight microsatellite loci (n = 180) of individuals sampled at 11 sites distributed in the Brazilian Amazon basin. RESULTS: Results for both markers were congruent, revealing a homogeneous genetic diversity in all the sampled locations, in addition to the absence of spatial and temporal genetic structure, indicating that the species forms a large panmictic population in the Brazilian Amazon. DISCUSSION: Although overfishing does not yet appear to have affected the levels of genetic variability of S. insignis, signals of reduction of the effective population size and a bottleneck provide an early alert to the effects of overfishing. Thus, the ever-decreasing populations may threaten S. insignis in the future. Therefore, it is hoped that the results of this study may contribute to the elaboration of management plans or any other measures that aim at the management and conservation of this species of great importance for the Amazon basin.