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Review on age-related differences in non-visual effects of light: melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex in children to older adults

Physiological effects of light exposure in humans are diverse. Among them, the circadian rhythm phase shift effect in order to maintain a 24-h cycle of the biological clock is referred to as non-visual effects of light collectively with melatonin suppression and pupillary light reflex. The non-visua...

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Autores principales: Eto, Taisuke, Higuchi, Shigekazu
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10290329/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37355647
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00328-1
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author Eto, Taisuke
Higuchi, Shigekazu
author_facet Eto, Taisuke
Higuchi, Shigekazu
author_sort Eto, Taisuke
collection PubMed
description Physiological effects of light exposure in humans are diverse. Among them, the circadian rhythm phase shift effect in order to maintain a 24-h cycle of the biological clock is referred to as non-visual effects of light collectively with melatonin suppression and pupillary light reflex. The non-visual effects of light may differ depending on age, and clarifying age-related differences in the non-visual effects of light is important for providing appropriate light environments for people of different ages. Therefore, in various research fields, including physiological anthropology, many studies on the effects of age on non-visual functions have been carried out in older people, children and adolescents by comparing the effects with young adults. However, whether the non-visual effects of light vary depending on age and, if so, what factors contribute to the differences have remained unclear. In this review, results of past and recent studies on age-related differences in the non-visual effects of light are presented and discussed in order to provide clues for answering the question of whether non-visual effects of light actually vary depending on age. Some studies, especially studies focusing on older people, have shown age-related differences in non-visual functions including differences in melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex, while other studies have shown no differences. Studies showing age-related differences in the non-visual effects of light have suspected senile constriction and crystalline lens opacity as factors contributing to the differences, while studies showing no age-related differences have suspected the presence of a compensatory mechanism. Some studies in children and adolescents have shown that children’s non-visual functions may be highly sensitive to light, but the studies comparing with other age groups seem to have been limited. In order to study age-related differences in non-visual effects in detail, comparative studies should be conducted using subjects having a wide range of ages and with as much control as possible for intensity, wavelength component, duration, circadian timing, illumination method of light exposure, and other factors (mydriasis or non-mydriasis, cataracts or not in the older adults, etc.).
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spelling pubmed-102903292023-06-25 Review on age-related differences in non-visual effects of light: melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex in children to older adults Eto, Taisuke Higuchi, Shigekazu J Physiol Anthropol Review Physiological effects of light exposure in humans are diverse. Among them, the circadian rhythm phase shift effect in order to maintain a 24-h cycle of the biological clock is referred to as non-visual effects of light collectively with melatonin suppression and pupillary light reflex. The non-visual effects of light may differ depending on age, and clarifying age-related differences in the non-visual effects of light is important for providing appropriate light environments for people of different ages. Therefore, in various research fields, including physiological anthropology, many studies on the effects of age on non-visual functions have been carried out in older people, children and adolescents by comparing the effects with young adults. However, whether the non-visual effects of light vary depending on age and, if so, what factors contribute to the differences have remained unclear. In this review, results of past and recent studies on age-related differences in the non-visual effects of light are presented and discussed in order to provide clues for answering the question of whether non-visual effects of light actually vary depending on age. Some studies, especially studies focusing on older people, have shown age-related differences in non-visual functions including differences in melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex, while other studies have shown no differences. Studies showing age-related differences in the non-visual effects of light have suspected senile constriction and crystalline lens opacity as factors contributing to the differences, while studies showing no age-related differences have suspected the presence of a compensatory mechanism. Some studies in children and adolescents have shown that children’s non-visual functions may be highly sensitive to light, but the studies comparing with other age groups seem to have been limited. In order to study age-related differences in non-visual effects in detail, comparative studies should be conducted using subjects having a wide range of ages and with as much control as possible for intensity, wavelength component, duration, circadian timing, illumination method of light exposure, and other factors (mydriasis or non-mydriasis, cataracts or not in the older adults, etc.). BioMed Central 2023-06-24 /pmc/articles/PMC10290329/ /pubmed/37355647 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00328-1 Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Review
Eto, Taisuke
Higuchi, Shigekazu
Review on age-related differences in non-visual effects of light: melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex in children to older adults
title Review on age-related differences in non-visual effects of light: melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex in children to older adults
title_full Review on age-related differences in non-visual effects of light: melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex in children to older adults
title_fullStr Review on age-related differences in non-visual effects of light: melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex in children to older adults
title_full_unstemmed Review on age-related differences in non-visual effects of light: melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex in children to older adults
title_short Review on age-related differences in non-visual effects of light: melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex in children to older adults
title_sort review on age-related differences in non-visual effects of light: melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex in children to older adults
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10290329/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37355647
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00328-1
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