Exploring the Presence of Implicit Bias Amongst Healthcare Professionals Who Refer Individuals Living with COPD to Pulmonary Rehabilitation with a Specific Focus Upon Smoking and Exercise

BACKGROUND: We are developing a shared decision-making intervention for individuals with COPD who are deciding between Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR) programme options. Previously, we identified Healthcare Professional (HCP) beliefs about the characteristics of COPD individuals as a barrier to PR conversations. Beliefs can lead to implicit biases which influence behaviour. To inform our shared decision-making intervention, we aimed to measure the presence of implicit bias amongst HCPs who refer individuals with COPD to PR. METHODS: We utilised the Implicit Association Test to measure HCPs response times when categorising words related to smoking or exercise (eg stub, run) to matching concepts or evaluations of concepts (eg “smoking, unpleasant” or “exercise, pleasant”) and unmatching concepts or evaluations of concepts (eg “smoking, pleasant” or “exercise, unpleasant”). We approached HCPs across the UK. Following consent, we collected demographic data and then administered the test. The primary outcome was the standardised mean difference in response times from the matching and unmatching categorisations (D(4)-score), measured using a one-sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. We explored the relationship between HCP demographics and their D(4)-scores using Spearman Rho correlation analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 124 HCPs screened, 104 (83.9%) consented. Demographic data were available for 88 (84.6%). About 68.2% were female and most (28.4%) were in the 45–54 years age category. Test data were available for 69 (66.3%) participants. D(4)-scores ranged from 0.99 to 2.64 indicating implicit favouring of matching categorisation (MD-score = 1.69, SDD-score = 0.38, 95% CID-score 1.60–1.78, p < 0.05). This was significantly different from zero, z = −7.20, p < 0.05, with a large effect size (r = 0.61, (28)). No demographic predictors of implicit bias were identifiable. CONCLUSION: HCPs demonstrated negative bias towards smoking and positive bias towards exercising. Since implicit bias impacts behaviour, we plan to develop intervention components (eg decision coaching training) to enable HCPs to fully and impartially support shared decision-making for a menu of PR options.