A multi-language qualitative study of limited English proficiency patient experiences in the United States

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to understand the limited English proficiency patient experience with health care services in an urban setting in the United States. METHODS: Through a narrative analysis approach, 71 individuals who spoke either Spanish, Russian, Cantonese, Mandarin, or Korean shared their experiences through semi-structured interviews between 2016 and 2018. Analyses used monolingual and multilingual open coding approaches to generate themes. RESULTS: Six themes illustrated patient experiences and identified sources of structural inequities perpetuating language barriers at the point of care. An important thread throughout all interviews was the sense that the language barrier with clinicians posed a threat to their safety when receiving healthcare, citing an acute awareness of additional risk for harm they might experience. Participants also consistently identified factors they felt would improve their sense of security that were specific to clinician interactions. Differences in experiences were specific to culture and heritage. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the ongoing challenges spoken language barriers pose across multiple points of care in the United States' health care system. INNOVATION: The multi-language nature of this study and its methodological insights are innovative as most studies have focused on clinicians or patient experiences in a single language.