Perfusion Status in Lacunar Stroke: A Pathophysiological Issue

The pathophysiology of lacunar infarction is an evolving and debated field, where relevant information comes from histopathology, old anatomical studies and animal models. Only in the last years, have neuroimaging techniques allowed a sufficient resolution to directly or indirectly assess the dynamic evolution of small vessel occlusion and to formulate hypotheses about the tissue status and the mechanisms of damage. The core–penumbra concept was extensively explored in large vessel occlusions (LVOs) both from the experimental and clinical point of view. Then, the perfusion thresholds on one side and the neuroimaging techniques studying the perfusion of brain tissue were focused and optimized for LVOs. The presence of a perfusion deficit in the territory of a single small perforating artery was negated for years until the recent proposal of the existence of a perfusion defect in a subgroup of lacunar infarcts by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This last finding opens pathophysiological hypotheses and triggers a neurovascular multidisciplinary reasoning about how to image this perfusion deficit in the acute phase in particular. The aim of this review is to summarize the pathophysiological issues and the application of the core–penumbra hypothesis to lacunar stroke.