Characteristics of Neuroimaging and Behavioural Phenotype in Polish Patients with PIGV-CDG—An Observational Study and Literature Review

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) are a wide group of genetic diseases characterised by a severe clinical spectrum, consisting of developmental delays, dysmorphisms, and neurological deficits. Mutations in the PIGV gene lead to a disorder called hyperphosphatasia with impaired intellectual development syndrome 1 (HPMRS1), distinct from other CDGs in terms of hyperphosphatemia related to abnormal ALP activity and brachytelephalangy. This article discusses the phenotype of six Polish patients with HPMRS1 with a special focus on behavioural and imaging features, which were not addressed in 26 previously reported cases. The medical records of six patients aged 6 to 22 years were collected and analysed. In all cases, the same PIGV homozygotic mutation (c.1022C>A; p.Ala341Glu) was found, although the patients presented a diverse spectrum of neurological and developmental disorders, concerning in most cases the muscular tonus and general developmental delay. The most prevalent dysmorphic features included hypertelorism, high palate, and finger anomalies, whereas other characteristics present in all previously described cases, such as a short, broad nose and brachytelephalangy, were less frequently observed. Similarly to previous reports, the magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) head scans returned varied results, including physiological and pathological brain images in equal measure, the latter of which consisted of cortical atrophy, delayed myelination, hydrocephalus, and hypoplastic corpus callosum. Each patient exhibited symptoms characteristic of autism spectrum disorders, especially in terms of attention deficits, as well as controlling and expressing emotions. The most common type of sensory processing disorder was over-responsivity. Despite the low prevalence of HPMRS1, the patients reported in the literature presented a rather uniform phenotype, which does not correspond with the one found in each individual of the studied group. Behavioural disorders and sensory impairment require additional care and awareness considering the global developmental delay often observed in these patients.