Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure—Current Evidence in Special Populations

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, originally used for diabetes mellitus, are gaining more popularity for other indications, owing to their positive cardiovascular and renal effects. SGLT2 inhibitors reduce heart failure (HF) hospitalization and improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Later, SGLT2 inhibitors were evaluated in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF) and had beneficial effects independent of the presence of diabetes. Recently, reductions in cardiovascular outcomes were also observed in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF). SGLT2 inhibitors also reduced renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Overall, these drugs have an excellent safety profile with a negligible risk of genitourinary tract infections and ketoacidosis. In this review, we discuss the current data on SGLT2 inhibitors in special populations, including patients with acute myocardial infarction, acute HF, right ventricular (RV) failure, left ventricular assist device (LVAD), and type 1 diabetes. We also discuss the potential mechanisms behind the cardiovascular benefits of these medications.