Productivity and Phytochemicals of Asclepias curassavica in Response to Compost and Silver Nanoparticles Application: HPLC Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Extracts

The application of compost and metallic nanoparticles has a significant impact on the productivity and chemical composition of horticulture plants. In two subsequent growing seasons, 2020 and 2021, the productivity of Asclepias curassavica L. plants treated with various concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and compost was assessed. In the pot experiments, the soil was amended with 25% or 50% compost, and the plants were sprayed with 10, 20, and 30 mg/L of AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to characterize AgNPs. The TEM measurements of AgNPs showed that the particles had spherical forms and ranged in size from roughly 5 to 16 nm. Leaf methanol extracts (LMEs) were prepared from the treated plants and assayed against the growth of two soft rot bacteria, Dickeya solani and Pectobacterium atrosepticum. The maximum plant height, diameter, number of branches/plant, total fresh weight (g), total dry weight (g), and leaf area (cm(2)) was recorded when levels of 25% compost + AgNPs 20 mg/L, 25% compost, or 50% + AgNPs 20 mg/L, 25% compost + AgNPs 30 mg/L or 50% compost + AgNPs 20 mg/L, 50% compost + AgNPs 20 mg/L, 50% compost + AgNPs 30 or 20 mg/L, and 25% compost + AgNPs 30 mg/L, respectively, were applied. The plants treated with 25% or 50% compost + 30 mg/L AgNPs showed a high chlorophyll content, while the plants treated with 50% compost + AgNPs 30 mg/L or 20 mg/L showed the highest extract percentages. The highest inhibition zones (IZs), 2.43 and 2.2 cm, against the growth of D. solani were observed in the LMEs (4000 mg/L) extracted from the plants treated with compost (v/v) + AgNPs (mg/L) at the levels of 50% + 30 and 25% + 30, respectively. The highest IZs, 2.76 and 2.73 cm, against the growth of P. atrosepticum were observed in the LMEs (4000 mg/L) extracted from the plants treated at the levels of 50% + 30 and 25% + 30, respectively. Several phenolic compounds such as syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, benzoic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, pyrogallol, and catechol, as well as flavonoid compounds such as 7-hydroxyflavone, naringin, rutin, apigenin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, hesperidin, catechin, and chrysoeriol, were identified in the LMEs as analyzed by HPLC with different concentrations according to the treatment of compost + AgNPs used for the plants. In conclusion, the specific criteria that were utilized to measure the growth of A. curassavica revealed the novelty of compost and AgNPs combination treatments, particularly at a concentration of 50% compost + AgNPs 30 mg/L or 20 mg/L, which is better for the growth and phytochemical production of A. curassavica in the field.