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The Molecular Epidemiology of Clade 2.3.4.4B H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Southern Africa, 2021–2022
In southern Africa, clade 2.3.4.4B H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) was first detected in South African (SA) poultry in April 2021, followed by outbreaks in poultry or wild birds in Lesotho and Botswana. In this study, the complete or partial genomes of 117 viruses from the SA outbreak...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10302261/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37376682 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15061383 |
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author | Abolnik, Celia Phiri, Thandeka Peyrot, Belinda de Beer, Renee Snyman, Albert Roberts, David Ludynia, Katrin Jordaan, Frances Maartens, Michele Ismail, Zehaad Strydom, Christine van der Zel, Gerbrand Anthony, Jade Daniell, Nadine De Boni, Liesl Grewar, John Olivier, Adriaan Roberts, Laura |
author_facet | Abolnik, Celia Phiri, Thandeka Peyrot, Belinda de Beer, Renee Snyman, Albert Roberts, David Ludynia, Katrin Jordaan, Frances Maartens, Michele Ismail, Zehaad Strydom, Christine van der Zel, Gerbrand Anthony, Jade Daniell, Nadine De Boni, Liesl Grewar, John Olivier, Adriaan Roberts, Laura |
author_sort | Abolnik, Celia |
collection | PubMed |
description | In southern Africa, clade 2.3.4.4B H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) was first detected in South African (SA) poultry in April 2021, followed by outbreaks in poultry or wild birds in Lesotho and Botswana. In this study, the complete or partial genomes of 117 viruses from the SA outbreaks in 2021–2022 were analyzed to decipher the sub-regional spread of the disease. Our analysis showed that seven H5N1 sub-genotypes were associated with the initial outbreaks, but by late 2022 only two sub-genotypes still circulated. Furthermore, SA poultry was not the source of Lesotho’s outbreaks, and the latter was most likely an introduction from wild birds. Similarly, SA and Botswana’s outbreaks in 2021 were unrelated, but viruses of Botswana’s unique sub-genotype were introduced into SA later in 2022 causing an outbreak in ostriches. At least 83% of SA’s commercial poultry cases in 2021–2022 were point introductions from wild birds. Like H5N8 HPAI in 2017–2018, a coastal seabird-restricted sub-lineage of H5N1 viruses emerged in the Western Cape province in 2021 and spread to Namibia, causing mortalities in Cape Cormorants. In SA ~24,000 of this endangered species died, and the loss of >300 endangered African penguins further threatens biodiversity. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10302261 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-103022612023-06-29 The Molecular Epidemiology of Clade 2.3.4.4B H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Southern Africa, 2021–2022 Abolnik, Celia Phiri, Thandeka Peyrot, Belinda de Beer, Renee Snyman, Albert Roberts, David Ludynia, Katrin Jordaan, Frances Maartens, Michele Ismail, Zehaad Strydom, Christine van der Zel, Gerbrand Anthony, Jade Daniell, Nadine De Boni, Liesl Grewar, John Olivier, Adriaan Roberts, Laura Viruses Article In southern Africa, clade 2.3.4.4B H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) was first detected in South African (SA) poultry in April 2021, followed by outbreaks in poultry or wild birds in Lesotho and Botswana. In this study, the complete or partial genomes of 117 viruses from the SA outbreaks in 2021–2022 were analyzed to decipher the sub-regional spread of the disease. Our analysis showed that seven H5N1 sub-genotypes were associated with the initial outbreaks, but by late 2022 only two sub-genotypes still circulated. Furthermore, SA poultry was not the source of Lesotho’s outbreaks, and the latter was most likely an introduction from wild birds. Similarly, SA and Botswana’s outbreaks in 2021 were unrelated, but viruses of Botswana’s unique sub-genotype were introduced into SA later in 2022 causing an outbreak in ostriches. At least 83% of SA’s commercial poultry cases in 2021–2022 were point introductions from wild birds. Like H5N8 HPAI in 2017–2018, a coastal seabird-restricted sub-lineage of H5N1 viruses emerged in the Western Cape province in 2021 and spread to Namibia, causing mortalities in Cape Cormorants. In SA ~24,000 of this endangered species died, and the loss of >300 endangered African penguins further threatens biodiversity. MDPI 2023-06-16 /pmc/articles/PMC10302261/ /pubmed/37376682 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15061383 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Abolnik, Celia Phiri, Thandeka Peyrot, Belinda de Beer, Renee Snyman, Albert Roberts, David Ludynia, Katrin Jordaan, Frances Maartens, Michele Ismail, Zehaad Strydom, Christine van der Zel, Gerbrand Anthony, Jade Daniell, Nadine De Boni, Liesl Grewar, John Olivier, Adriaan Roberts, Laura The Molecular Epidemiology of Clade 2.3.4.4B H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Southern Africa, 2021–2022 |
title | The Molecular Epidemiology of Clade 2.3.4.4B H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Southern Africa, 2021–2022 |
title_full | The Molecular Epidemiology of Clade 2.3.4.4B H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Southern Africa, 2021–2022 |
title_fullStr | The Molecular Epidemiology of Clade 2.3.4.4B H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Southern Africa, 2021–2022 |
title_full_unstemmed | The Molecular Epidemiology of Clade 2.3.4.4B H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Southern Africa, 2021–2022 |
title_short | The Molecular Epidemiology of Clade 2.3.4.4B H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Southern Africa, 2021–2022 |
title_sort | molecular epidemiology of clade 2.3.4.4b h5n1 high pathogenicity avian influenza in southern africa, 2021–2022 |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10302261/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37376682 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15061383 |
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