Connection of ssDNA to Silicon Substrate Based on a Mechano–Chemical Method

A novel fabrication process to connect single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)to a silicon substrate based on a mechano–chemical method is proposed. In this method, the single crystal silicon substrate was mechanically scribed in a diazonium solution of benzoic acid using a diamond tip which formed silicon free radicals. These combined covalently with organic molecules of diazonium benzoic acid contained in the solution to form self-assembled films (SAMs). The SAMs were characterized and analyzed by AFM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the self-assembled films were covalently connected to the silicon substrate by Si–C. In this way, a nano-level benzoic acid coupling layer was self-assembled on the scribed area of the silicon substrate. The ssDNA was further covalently connected to the silicon surface by the coupling layer. Fluorescence microscopy showed that ssDNA had been connected, and the influence of ssDNA concentration on the fixation effect was studied. The fluorescence brightness gradually increased with the gradual increase in ssDNA concentration from 5 μmol/L to 15 μmol/L, indicating that the fixed amount of ssDNA increased. However, when the concentration of ssDNA increased from 15 μmol/L to 20 μmol/L, the detected fluorescence brightness decreased, indicating that the hybridization amount decreased. The reason may be related to the spatial arrangement of DNA and the electrostatic repulsion between DNA molecules. It was also found that ssDNA junctions on the silicon surface were not very uniform, which was related to many factors, such as the inhomogeneity of the self-assembled coupling layer, the multi-step experimental operation and the pH value of the fixation solution.