Variability in the inorganic composition of colored acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene and polylactic acid filaments used in 3D printing

Fused filament fabrication is a 3D printing technique that has gained widespread use from homes to schools to workplaces. Thermoplastic filaments, such as acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), are extruded at temperatures near their respective glass transition temperature or melting point, respectively. Little has been reported on the inorganic elemental composition and concentrations present in these materials or the methods available for extracting that information. Because inorganic constituents may be included in the aerosolized particulates emitted during the printing process, identifying elements that could be present and at what specific concentrations is critical. The objective of the current research is to determine the range of metals present in thermoplastic filaments along with their relative abundance and chemical speciation as a function of polymer type, manufacturer, and color. A variety of filaments from select manufacturers were digested using a range of techniques to determine the optimal conditions for metal extraction from ABS and PLA polymers. The extraction potential for each method was quantified using by ICP-MS analysis. When possible, further characterization of the chemical composition of the filaments was investigated using X-ray Absorption spectroscopy to determine chemical speciation of the metal. Optimal digestion conditions were established using a high temperature, high pressure microwave-assisted acid digestion method to produce the most complete and repeatable extraction results. The composition and abundance of metals in the filaments varied greatly as a function of polymer, manufacturer, and color. Potential elements of concern present in the filaments at elevated concentration included that could pose a respiratory risk included Si, Al, Ti, Cu, Zn, and Sn. XAS analysis revealed a mixture of metal oxides, mineral, and organometallic compounds were present in the filaments that were being used to increase opaqueness impart color (dyes), polymeric catalysts, and flame retardants. This work shows that a variety of metals are present in the starting materials used for 3D printing and depending on their partitioning into 3D printed products and byproducts as well as the exposure route, may pose a health risk which merits further investigation.