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Upregulation of ica Operon Governs Biofilm Formation by a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus caprae

Staphylococcus caprae is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), which appears as commensal in the skin, as well as a prevalent mastitis pathogen of goats. Occasionally, it is also associated with infections in humans. Biofilm formation has been identified as a putative virulence f...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Oknin, Hilla, Kroupitski, Yulia, Shemesh, Moshe, Blum, Shlomo
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10305091/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37375035
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061533
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author Oknin, Hilla
Kroupitski, Yulia
Shemesh, Moshe
Blum, Shlomo
author_facet Oknin, Hilla
Kroupitski, Yulia
Shemesh, Moshe
Blum, Shlomo
author_sort Oknin, Hilla
collection PubMed
description Staphylococcus caprae is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), which appears as commensal in the skin, as well as a prevalent mastitis pathogen of goats. Occasionally, it is also associated with infections in humans. Biofilm formation has been identified as a putative virulence factor in S. caprae. Biofilms are multicellular communities protected by a self-produced extracellular matrix (ECM), which facilitates the resistance of bacterial cells to antimicrobial treatments. The ECM is constructed by exopolysaccharides, including the major exopolysaccharide—polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA), regulated by the ica operon in Staphylococcus species. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of the ica operon in relation to biofilm formation in S. caprae. Results showed that within a few hours of growth, S. caprae could adhere to polystyrene surfaces, start to accumulate, and form biofilm. Peak biofilm biomass and maturation were reached after 48 h, followed by a reduction in biomass after 72 h. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed the expression of matrix-associated proteins and polysaccharides at various time points. The expression dynamics of the ica operon were investigated using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT)-qPCR, which showed elevated expression during the early stages of biofilm formation and subsequent downregulation throughout the biofilm aging process. In conclusion, our results show that the ica operon is essential in regulating biofilm formation in S. caprae, similar to other Staphylococcus species. Furthermore, the robustness of the observed biofilm phenotype could account for the successful intramammary colonization and may explain disease persistence caused by this pathogenic bacterium.
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spelling pubmed-103050912023-06-29 Upregulation of ica Operon Governs Biofilm Formation by a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus caprae Oknin, Hilla Kroupitski, Yulia Shemesh, Moshe Blum, Shlomo Microorganisms Article Staphylococcus caprae is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), which appears as commensal in the skin, as well as a prevalent mastitis pathogen of goats. Occasionally, it is also associated with infections in humans. Biofilm formation has been identified as a putative virulence factor in S. caprae. Biofilms are multicellular communities protected by a self-produced extracellular matrix (ECM), which facilitates the resistance of bacterial cells to antimicrobial treatments. The ECM is constructed by exopolysaccharides, including the major exopolysaccharide—polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA), regulated by the ica operon in Staphylococcus species. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of the ica operon in relation to biofilm formation in S. caprae. Results showed that within a few hours of growth, S. caprae could adhere to polystyrene surfaces, start to accumulate, and form biofilm. Peak biofilm biomass and maturation were reached after 48 h, followed by a reduction in biomass after 72 h. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed the expression of matrix-associated proteins and polysaccharides at various time points. The expression dynamics of the ica operon were investigated using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT)-qPCR, which showed elevated expression during the early stages of biofilm formation and subsequent downregulation throughout the biofilm aging process. In conclusion, our results show that the ica operon is essential in regulating biofilm formation in S. caprae, similar to other Staphylococcus species. Furthermore, the robustness of the observed biofilm phenotype could account for the successful intramammary colonization and may explain disease persistence caused by this pathogenic bacterium. MDPI 2023-06-09 /pmc/articles/PMC10305091/ /pubmed/37375035 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061533 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Oknin, Hilla
Kroupitski, Yulia
Shemesh, Moshe
Blum, Shlomo
Upregulation of ica Operon Governs Biofilm Formation by a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus caprae
title Upregulation of ica Operon Governs Biofilm Formation by a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus caprae
title_full Upregulation of ica Operon Governs Biofilm Formation by a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus caprae
title_fullStr Upregulation of ica Operon Governs Biofilm Formation by a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus caprae
title_full_unstemmed Upregulation of ica Operon Governs Biofilm Formation by a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus caprae
title_short Upregulation of ica Operon Governs Biofilm Formation by a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus caprae
title_sort upregulation of ica operon governs biofilm formation by a coagulase-negative staphylococcus caprae
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10305091/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37375035
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061533
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