Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Sulfur Compounds on Kidney Health and Disease

Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) plays a decisive role in kidney health and disease. H(2)S can ben synthesized via enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways, as well as gut microbial origins. Kidney disease can originate in early life induced by various maternal insults throughout the process, namely renal programming. Sulfur-containing amino acids and sulfate are essential in normal pregnancy and fetal development. Dysregulated H(2)S signaling behind renal programming is linked to deficient nitric oxide, oxidative stress, the aberrant renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. In animal models of renal programming, treatment with sulfur-containing amino acids, N-acetylcysteine, H(2)S donors, and organosulfur compounds during gestation and lactation could improve offspring’s renal outcomes. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding sulfide/sulfate implicated in pregnancy and kidney development, current evidence supporting the interactions between H(2)S signaling and underlying mechanisms of renal programming, and recent advances in the beneficial actions of sulfide-related interventions on the prevention of kidney disease. Modifying H(2)S signaling is the novel therapeutic and preventive approach to reduce the global burden of kidney disease; however, more work is required to translate this into clinical practice.