Dietary Patterns and Their Associations with Symptom Levels Among People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Real-World Digital Study

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the study was to investigate long-term food intake patterns and establish possible associations between the inferred dietary habits and levels of reported symptoms among people with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Denmark. METHODS: The present study was designed as a prospective cohort study. Participants were invited to register daily food intake and MS symptoms and were observed during a period of 100 days. Dropout and inclusion probabilities were addressed using generalized linear models. Dietary clusters were identified among 163 participants using hierarchical clustering on principal component scores. Associations between the dietary clusters and the levels of self-assessed MS symptoms were estimated using inverse probability weighting. Furthermore, the effect of a person’s position on the first and second principal dietary component axis on symptom burden was investigated. RESULTS: Three dietary clusters were identified: a Western dietary cluster, a plant-rich dietary cluster and a varied dietary cluster. Analyses further indicated a vegetables-fish-fruit-whole grain axis and a red-meat-processed-meat axis. The plant-rich dietary cluster showed reduction in symptom burden in nine pre-defined MS symptoms compared to the Western dietary cluster (between 19 and 90% reduction). This reduction was significant for pain and bladder dysfunction as well as across all nine symptoms (pooled p value = 0.012). Related to the two dietary axes, high intake of vegetables resulted in 32–74% reduction in symptom burden compared to low levels of vegetable intake. Across symptoms, this was significant (pooled p value = 0.015), also regarding walking difficulty and fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: Three dietary clusters were identified. Compared to levels of self-assessed MS-related symptoms, and adjusted for potential confounders, the results suggested less symptom burden with increased intake of vegetables. Although the research design limits the possibilities of establishing causal inference, the results indicate that general guidelines for healthy diet may be relevant as a tool in coping with MS symptoms. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40120-023-00505-5.