High glucose induces tau hyperphosphorylation in hippocampal neurons via inhibition of ALKBH5-mediated Dgkh m(6)A demethylation: a potential mechanism for diabetic cognitive dysfunction

Tau hyperphosphorylation in hippocampal neurons has an important pathogenetic role in the development of diabetic cognitive dysfunction. N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) methylation is the most common modification of eukaryotic mRNA and is involved in regulating diverse biological processes. However, the role of m(6)A alteration in tau hyperphosphorylation of hippocampus neurons has not been reported. We found lower ALKBH5 expression in the hippocampus of diabetic rats and in HN-h cells with high-glucose intervention, accompanied by tau hyperphosphorylation. ALKBH5 overexpression significantly reversed tau hyperphosphorylation in high-glucose-stimulated HN-h cells. Furthermore, we found and confirmed by m(6)A–mRNA epitope transcriptome microarray and transcriptome RNA sequencing coupled with methylated RNA immunoprecipitation that ALKBH5 regulates the m(6)A modification of Dgkh mRNA. High glucose inhibited the demethylation modification of Dgkh by ALKBH5, resulting in decreases in Dgkh mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of Dgkh reversed tau hyperphosphorylation in HN-h cells after high-glucose stimulation. Overexpression of Dgkh by adenovirus suspension injection into the bilateral hippocampus of diabetic rats significantly ameliorated tau hyperphosphorylation and diabetic cognitive dysfunction. In addition, ALKBH5 targeted Dgkh to activate PKC-α, leading to tau hyperphosphorylation under high-glucose conditions. The results of this study reveal that high glucose suppresses the demethylation modification of Dgkh by ALKBH5, which downregulates Dgkh and leads to tau hyperphosphorylation through activation of PKC-α in hippocampal neurons. These findings may indicate a new mechanism and a novel therapeutic target for diabetic cognitive dysfunction.