Comparison of reconstructed prompt gamma emissions using maximum likelihood estimation and origin ensemble algorithms for a Compton camera system tailored to proton range monitoring

Compton-based prompt gamma (PG) imaging is being investigated by several groups as a potential solution for in vivo range monitoring in proton therapy. The performance of this technique depends on the detector system as well as the ability of the reconstruction method to obtain good spatial resolution to establish a quantitative correlation between the PG emission and the proton beam range in the patient. To evaluate the feasibility of PG imaging for range monitoring, we quantitatively evaluated the emission distributions reconstructed by a Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization (MLEM) and a Stochastic Origin Ensemble (SOE) algorithm. To this end, we exploit experimental and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation data acquired with the Polaris-J Compton Camera (CC) prototype. The differences between the proton beam range ([Formula: see text]) defined as the 80% distal dose fall-off and the PG range ([Formula: see text]), obtained by fitting the distal end of the reconstructed profile with a sigmoid function, were quantified. A comparable performance of both reconstruction algorithms was found. For both experimental and simulated irradiation scenarios, the correlation between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] was within 5 mm. These values were consistent with the ground truth distance ([Formula: see text] 3 mm) calculated by using the expected PG emission available from MC simulation. Furthermore, shifts of 3 mm in the proton beam range were resolved with the MLEM algorithm by calculating the relative difference between the [Formula: see text] for each reconstructed profile. In non-homogeneous targets, the spatial changes in the PG emission due to the different materials could not be fully resolved from the reconstructed profiles; however, the fall-off region still resembled the ground truth emission. For this scenario, the PG correlation ([Formula: see text]) varied from 0.1 mm to 4 mm, which is close to the ground truth correlation (3 mm). This work provides a framework for the evaluation of the range monitoring capabilities of a CC device for PG imaging. The two investigated image reconstruction algorithms showed a comparable and consistent performance for homogeneous and heterogeneous targets.