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Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and principal component analysis offer prognostic advantage for dogs with mammary tumors

INTRODUCTION: In veterinary medicine, cancer is the leading cause of death in companion animals, and mammary gland tumors represent the most common neoplasm in female dogs. Several epidemiological risk factors, such as age, breed, hormones, diet, and obesity have been reported to be relevant for can...

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Autores principales: Uribe-Querol, Eileen, Romero-Romero, Laura, Govezensky, Tzipe, Rosales, Carlos
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10312309/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37396996
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1187271
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author Uribe-Querol, Eileen
Romero-Romero, Laura
Govezensky, Tzipe
Rosales, Carlos
author_facet Uribe-Querol, Eileen
Romero-Romero, Laura
Govezensky, Tzipe
Rosales, Carlos
author_sort Uribe-Querol, Eileen
collection PubMed
description INTRODUCTION: In veterinary medicine, cancer is the leading cause of death in companion animals, and mammary gland tumors represent the most common neoplasm in female dogs. Several epidemiological risk factors, such as age, breed, hormones, diet, and obesity have been reported to be relevant for canine mammary tumors. Nowadays, the gold standard for diagnosis of canine mammary tumors is the pathological examination of the suspected tissue. However, tumor grade can only be assessed after surgical removal or biopsy of the altered tissue. Therefore, in cases of tumors that could be surgically removed, it would be very helpful to be able to predict the biological behavior of the tumor, before performing any surgery. Since, inflammation constitutes part of the tumor microenvironment and it influences each step of tumorigenesis, cellular and biochemical blood markers of systemic inflammation, such as the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) have been proposed as prognostic factors for human cancer development. The NLR and the AGR have not been explored enough as prognostic factors for cancer development in veterinary medicine. METHODS: To determine the prognostic value of NLR in canine mammary tumors, clinical records including biochemistry and hematological studies of female dogs with mammary tumors and of control healthy dogs, were used to determine the pre-treatment NLR and AGR. Other clinical data included age, breed, tumor size, histological tumor grade, and survival time after surgery. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: It was found that a higher pre-treatment NLR value (NLR > 5) associates with less survival rate. In contrast, the AGR did not show any predictive value on the malignancy of the tumor. However, by combining the NLR with AGR, age of the dog, and tumor size in a principal component analysis (PCA), the grade of the tumor and survival after surgery could be appropriately predicted. These data strongly suggest that pre-treatment NLR values have a prognostic value for the survival rate after surgery of dogs with mammary tumors.
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spelling pubmed-103123092023-07-01 Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and principal component analysis offer prognostic advantage for dogs with mammary tumors Uribe-Querol, Eileen Romero-Romero, Laura Govezensky, Tzipe Rosales, Carlos Front Vet Sci Veterinary Science INTRODUCTION: In veterinary medicine, cancer is the leading cause of death in companion animals, and mammary gland tumors represent the most common neoplasm in female dogs. Several epidemiological risk factors, such as age, breed, hormones, diet, and obesity have been reported to be relevant for canine mammary tumors. Nowadays, the gold standard for diagnosis of canine mammary tumors is the pathological examination of the suspected tissue. However, tumor grade can only be assessed after surgical removal or biopsy of the altered tissue. Therefore, in cases of tumors that could be surgically removed, it would be very helpful to be able to predict the biological behavior of the tumor, before performing any surgery. Since, inflammation constitutes part of the tumor microenvironment and it influences each step of tumorigenesis, cellular and biochemical blood markers of systemic inflammation, such as the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) have been proposed as prognostic factors for human cancer development. The NLR and the AGR have not been explored enough as prognostic factors for cancer development in veterinary medicine. METHODS: To determine the prognostic value of NLR in canine mammary tumors, clinical records including biochemistry and hematological studies of female dogs with mammary tumors and of control healthy dogs, were used to determine the pre-treatment NLR and AGR. Other clinical data included age, breed, tumor size, histological tumor grade, and survival time after surgery. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: It was found that a higher pre-treatment NLR value (NLR > 5) associates with less survival rate. In contrast, the AGR did not show any predictive value on the malignancy of the tumor. However, by combining the NLR with AGR, age of the dog, and tumor size in a principal component analysis (PCA), the grade of the tumor and survival after surgery could be appropriately predicted. These data strongly suggest that pre-treatment NLR values have a prognostic value for the survival rate after surgery of dogs with mammary tumors. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-06-16 /pmc/articles/PMC10312309/ /pubmed/37396996 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1187271 Text en Copyright © 2023 Uribe-Querol, Romero-Romero, Govezensky and Rosales. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Veterinary Science
Uribe-Querol, Eileen
Romero-Romero, Laura
Govezensky, Tzipe
Rosales, Carlos
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and principal component analysis offer prognostic advantage for dogs with mammary tumors
title Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and principal component analysis offer prognostic advantage for dogs with mammary tumors
title_full Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and principal component analysis offer prognostic advantage for dogs with mammary tumors
title_fullStr Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and principal component analysis offer prognostic advantage for dogs with mammary tumors
title_full_unstemmed Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and principal component analysis offer prognostic advantage for dogs with mammary tumors
title_short Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and principal component analysis offer prognostic advantage for dogs with mammary tumors
title_sort neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and principal component analysis offer prognostic advantage for dogs with mammary tumors
topic Veterinary Science
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10312309/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37396996
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1187271
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