The gut–liver axis in immune remodeling of hepatic cirrhosis
In healthy settings, the gut–liver axis allows host–microbiota communications and mediates immune homeostasis through bidirectional regulation. Meanwhile, in diseases, gut dysbiosis, combined with an impaired intestinal barrier, introduces pathogens and their toxic metabolites into the system, causi...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10319400/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37408838 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.946628 |
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author | Guan, Huayu Zhang, Xiang Kuang, Ming Yu, Jun |
author_facet | Guan, Huayu Zhang, Xiang Kuang, Ming Yu, Jun |
author_sort | Guan, Huayu |
collection | PubMed |
description | In healthy settings, the gut–liver axis allows host–microbiota communications and mediates immune homeostasis through bidirectional regulation. Meanwhile, in diseases, gut dysbiosis, combined with an impaired intestinal barrier, introduces pathogens and their toxic metabolites into the system, causing massive immune alternations in the liver and other extrahepatic organs. Accumulating evidence suggests that these immune changes are associated with the progression of many liver diseases, especially hepatic cirrhosis. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns that originated from gut microbes directly stimulate hepatocytes and liver immune cells through different pattern recognition receptors, a process further facilitated by damage-associated molecular patterns released from injured hepatocytes. Hepatic stellate cells, along with other immune cells, contribute to this proinflammatory and profibrogenic transformation. Moreover, cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction, an imbalanced immune status characterized by systemic inflammation and immune deficiency, is linked to gut dysbiosis. Though the systemic inflammation hypothesis starts to link gut dysbiosis to decompensated cirrhosis from a clinical perspective, a clearer demonstration is still needed for the role of the gut–liver–immune axis in cirrhosis progression. This review discusses the different immune states of the gut–liver axis in both healthy and cirrhotic settings and, more importantly, summarizes the current evidence about how microbiota-derived immune remodeling contributes to the progression of hepatic cirrhosis via the gut–liver axis. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10319400 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-103194002023-07-05 The gut–liver axis in immune remodeling of hepatic cirrhosis Guan, Huayu Zhang, Xiang Kuang, Ming Yu, Jun Front Immunol Immunology In healthy settings, the gut–liver axis allows host–microbiota communications and mediates immune homeostasis through bidirectional regulation. Meanwhile, in diseases, gut dysbiosis, combined with an impaired intestinal barrier, introduces pathogens and their toxic metabolites into the system, causing massive immune alternations in the liver and other extrahepatic organs. Accumulating evidence suggests that these immune changes are associated with the progression of many liver diseases, especially hepatic cirrhosis. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns that originated from gut microbes directly stimulate hepatocytes and liver immune cells through different pattern recognition receptors, a process further facilitated by damage-associated molecular patterns released from injured hepatocytes. Hepatic stellate cells, along with other immune cells, contribute to this proinflammatory and profibrogenic transformation. Moreover, cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction, an imbalanced immune status characterized by systemic inflammation and immune deficiency, is linked to gut dysbiosis. Though the systemic inflammation hypothesis starts to link gut dysbiosis to decompensated cirrhosis from a clinical perspective, a clearer demonstration is still needed for the role of the gut–liver–immune axis in cirrhosis progression. This review discusses the different immune states of the gut–liver axis in both healthy and cirrhotic settings and, more importantly, summarizes the current evidence about how microbiota-derived immune remodeling contributes to the progression of hepatic cirrhosis via the gut–liver axis. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-08-08 /pmc/articles/PMC10319400/ /pubmed/37408838 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.946628 Text en Copyright © 2022 Guan, Zhang, Kuang and Yu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Guan, Huayu Zhang, Xiang Kuang, Ming Yu, Jun The gut–liver axis in immune remodeling of hepatic cirrhosis |
title | The gut–liver axis in immune remodeling of hepatic cirrhosis |
title_full | The gut–liver axis in immune remodeling of hepatic cirrhosis |
title_fullStr | The gut–liver axis in immune remodeling of hepatic cirrhosis |
title_full_unstemmed | The gut–liver axis in immune remodeling of hepatic cirrhosis |
title_short | The gut–liver axis in immune remodeling of hepatic cirrhosis |
title_sort | gut–liver axis in immune remodeling of hepatic cirrhosis |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10319400/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37408838 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.946628 |
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