PASSer: fast and accurate prediction of protein allosteric sites

Allostery refers to the biological process by which an effector modulator binds to a protein at a site distant from the active site, known as allosteric site. Identifying allosteric sites is essential for discovering allosteric process and is considered a critical factor in allosteric drug development. To facilitate related research, we developed PASSer (Protein Allosteric Sites Server) at https://passer.smu.edu, a web application for fast and accurate allosteric site prediction and visualization. The website hosts three trained and published machine learning models: (i) an ensemble learning model with extreme gradient boosting and graph convolutional neural network, (ii) an automated machine learning model with AutoGluon and (iii) a learning-to-rank model with LambdaMART. PASSer accepts protein entries directly from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) or user-uploaded PDB files, and can conduct predictions within seconds. The results are presented in an interactive window that displays protein and pockets’ structures, as well as a table that summarizes predictions of the top three pockets with the highest probabilities/scores. To date, PASSer has been visited over 49 000 times in over 70 countries and has executed over 6 200 jobs.