Trends in tuberculosis clinicians’ adoption of short-course regimens for latent tuberculosis infection

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about regimen choice for latent tuberculosis infection in the United States. Since 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended shorter regimens—12 weeks of isoniazid and rifapentine or 4 months of rifampin—because they have similar efficacy, better tolerability, and higher treatment completion than 6–9 months of isoniazid. The objective of this analysis is to describe frequencies of latent tuberculosis infection regimens prescribed in the United States and assess changes over time. METHODS: Persons at high risk for latent tuberculosis infection or progression to tuberculosis disease were enrolled into an observational cohort study from September 2012–May 2017, tested for tuberculosis infection, and followed for 24 months. This analysis included those with at least one positive test who started treatment. RESULTS: Frequencies of latent tuberculosis infection regimens and 95% confidence intervals were calculated overall and by important risk groups. Changes in the frequencies of regimens by quarter were assessed using the Mann-Kendall statistic. Of 20,220 participants, 4,068 had at least one positive test and started treatment: 95% non-U.S.–born, 46% female, 12% <15 years old. Most received 4 months of rifampin (49%), 6–9 months of isoniazid (32%), or 12 weeks of isoniazid and rifapentine (13%). Selection of short-course regimens increased from 55% in 2013 to 81% in late 2016 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified a trend towards adoption of shorter regimens. Future studies should assess the impact of updated treatment guidelines, which have added 3 months of daily isoniazid and rifampin to recommended regimens.