Effect of redox reactions on the thermoluminescence characteristics of Cu-doped NaLi(2)PO(4) phosphors

A Cu-doped NaLi(2)PO(4) phosphor material was successfully synthesized through the high-temperature solid state diffusion method. It was mainly doped with Cu(2)Cl(2) and CuCl(2) salts for impurities in the form of Cu(+) and Cu(2+), respectively. Formation of the material in the single phase of the phosphor material was confirmed by powder XRD. Morphological and compositional characterization was done using XPS, SEM and EDS techniques. The materials were annealed in reducing, (10% H(2) in Ar) and CO/CO(2) (by burning charcoal in a closed system), as well as in oxidizing (air) atmospheres at different temperatures. ESR and PL studies were conducted for studying redox reactions due to annealing and its effect on TL characteristics. It is known that the impurity Cu could exist in Cu(2+), Cu(+) and Cu(0) forms. The material was doped with two different salts (Cu(2)Cl(2) and CuCl(2)) as sources of the impurities in two different forms i.e., Cu(+) and Cu(2+), however, it was found that it gets incorporated in both the forms inside the material. Also, annealing in different atmospheres not only changed their ionic states but also affected the sensitivity of these phosphors. It was observed that at ∼10 Gy, NaLi(2)PO(4):Cu(ii) is around 3.3 times, 3.0 times and almost equally sensitive than commercially available TLD-900 phosphor on annealing in air, 10% H(2) in Ar and CO/CO(2) at 400, 400 and 800 °C, respectively. However, NaLi(2)PO(4):Cu(i) becomes 1.8 times sensitive after annealing in CO/CO(2) at 800 °C as compared to TLD-900. With high sensitivity, both the materials NaLi(2)PO(4):Cu(ii) and NaLi(2)PO(4):Cu(i) are good candidates for radiation dosimetry with a wide dose response (mGy–5.0 kGy).