Prevalence of cancer risk factors among transgender and gender diverse individuals: a cross-sectional analysis using UK primary care data

BACKGROUND: Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals experience an incongruence between their assigned birth sex and gender identity. They may have a higher prevalence of health conditions associated with cancer risk than cisgender people. AIM: To examine the prevalence of several cancer risk factors among TGD individuals compared with cisgender individuals. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the UK’s Clinical Practice Research Datalink to identify TGD individuals between 1988–2020, matched to 20 cisgender men and 20 cisgender women on index date (date of diagnosis with gender incongruence), practice, and index age (age at index date). Assigned birth sex was determined from gender-affirming hormone use and procedures, and sex-specific diagnoses documented in the medical record. METHOD: The prevalence of each cancer risk factor was calculated and the prevalence ratio by gender identity was estimated using log binomial or Poisson regression models adjusted for age and year at study entry, and obesity where appropriate. RESULTS: There were 3474 transfeminine (assigned male at birth) individuals, 3591 transmasculine (assigned female at birth) individuals, 131 747 cisgender men, and 131 827 cisgender women. Transmasculine people had the highest prevalence of obesity (27.5%) and ‘ever smoking’ (60.2%). Transfeminine people had the highest prevalence of dyslipidaemia (15.1%), diabetes (5.4%), hepatitis C infection (0.7%), hepatitis B infection (0.4%), and HIV infection (0.8%). These prevalence estimates remained elevated in the TGD populations compared with cisgender persons in the multivariable models. CONCLUSION: Multiple cancer risk factors are more prevalent among TGD individuals compared with cisgender individuals. Future research should examine how minority stress contributes to the increased prevalence of cancer risk factors in this population.