Axial superior facet slope may determine anterior or posterior atlantoaxial displacement secondary to os odontoideum and compensatory mechanisms of the atlantooccipital joint and subaxial cervical spine

OBJECTIVE: To introduce novel parameters in determining directions of os odontoideum (OO) with atlantoaxial displacement (AAD) and compensations of cervical sagittal alignment after displacement. METHODS: Analysis was performed on 96 cases receiving surgeries for upper cervical myelopathy caused by OO with AAD from 2011 to 2021. Twenty-four patients were included in the OO group and divided into the OO-anterior displacement (AD) group and the OO-posterior displacement (PD) group by displacement. Seventy-two patients were included as the control (Ctrl) group and divided into Ctrl-positive (Ctrl-P) group and Ctrl-negative (Ctrl-N) group by axial superior facet slope (ASFS) in a neutral position. ASFS, the sum of C2 slope (C2S) and axial superior facet endplate angle (ASFEA), was measured and calculated by combining cervical supine CT with standing X-ray. Cervical sagittal parameters were measured to analyse the atlantoaxial facet and compensations after AAD. RESULTS: Atlas inferior facet angle (AIFA), ASFS, and ASFEA in Ctrl-P significantly differed from OO-AD.C0-C1, C1-C2, C0-C2, C2-C7, C2-C7 SVA, and C2S in Ctrl-P significant differed from the OO-AD group. C2-C7 SVA and C2S in Ctrl-N significantly were smaller than the OO-PD group. C1-C2 correlated with C0-C1 and C2-C7 negatively in the OO group. Slight kyphosis of C1-C2 in OO-AD was compared with lordosis of C1-C2 in Ctrl-P, inducing increased extension of C0-C1 and C2-C7. Mildly increased lordosis of C1-C2 in OO-PD was compared with C1-C2 in Ctrl-N, triggering augmented flexion of C0-C1 and C2-C7. CONCLUSION: ASFS was vital in determining directions of OO with AAD and explaining compensations. ASFS and ASFEA could provide pre- and intraoperative guidelines. KEY POINTS: • ASFS may determine the directions and compensatory mechanisms of AAD secondary to OO. • ASFS could be achieved by the sum of ASFEA and C2S.